<\/a><\/p>\n
When considering the array of 51 optional subjects for the\u00a0UPSC Mains Examination<\/strong>, Sociology consistently stands out as a top choice. Its inherent appeal lies in its accessibility and intriguing exploration of humanity and society, catering even to students from\u00a0Science<\/span><\/a>\u00a0and Commerce backgrounds. With a well-defined\u00a0UPSC sociology syllabus<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0comprising only 13 units, Sociology can be comprehensively covered\u00a0within\u00a04 to 5 Month Comprehensive \u201cFoundation to Finale\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0Classroom Programme, Many of Our Sociology Foundation Course Students have Cleared\u00a0CSE 2023- Kajal Singh, First Attempt (Age 22) Mahi Sharma, First Mains (Age 23), Anand Sharma First Mains and Many Others.<\/strong>\u00a0Previously also Many students like\u00a0IAS Pradeep Singh, IAS Ashish, IPS Bindu Madhav, IPS Aparna Gautam, IPS Shahnaz Illyas<\/strong>\u00a0got Success in CSE in\u00a0First Attempt with Sociology Optional.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nIAS Medha Anand, has get 310 marks in her optional subject sociology, 156 in paper \u2013 1 & 154 marks in Paper-2 in CSE 2023<\/strong>. Notably, Sociology for UPSC has garnered a reputation as one of the Highest scoring optional subjects in the UPSC Main Examination, with numerous candidates consistently achieving 300+. Its popularity is evident in the fact that a significant proportion of top 100 rankers opt for Sociology as their optional subject, showcasing its high scoring potential, particularly for those not from sociology backgrounds. Moreover, relevance of\u00a0Sociology Optional Syllabus for UPSC<\/strong>\u00a0extends beyond the examination hall, enriching understanding across various aspects of life, from social and economic to political and cultural domains. In recent times, Sociology Optional has gained traction, aligning with the evolving trend of the UPSC Mains towards conceptual analysis. Unlike other optional subjects with unpredictable question patterns, Sociology offers stability and predictability, making it an attractive choice. This adaptability, coupled with its concise syllabus and relevance to both academic and social spheres, positions Sociology as the ideal\u00a0optional subject for engineers<\/strong>\u00a0as well as\u00a0optional subject for commerce graduates<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0optional subject for\u00a0science<\/span><\/a>\u00a0graduates<\/strong>\u00a0seeking success in the\u00a0Civil Services Examination<\/strong>. For those pursuing Sociology as an optional subject, accessing comprehensive\u00a0Sociology optional notes<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and few good\u00a0Sociology optional books<\/strong>, and previous years\u2019\u00a0UPSC sociology optional question papers<\/strong>\u00a0is pivotal for thorough preparation. Additionally, for aspirants seeking guidance, renowned\u00a0\u00a0educator<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Vikash Ranjan Sir at\u00a0TRIUMPH IAS<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0coaching institutes in Delhi, offer valuable support and resources.\u00a0Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and Triumph IAS is the\u00a0best<\/strong>\u00a0sociology coaching in Delhi<\/strong><\/a>. If you are away from Old Rajendra Nagar, Delhi, you can still complete Journey of UPSC civil service preparation through\u00a0online Sociology class<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>The\u00a0scientific<\/span><\/a>\u00a0nature of Sociology, coupled with its direct applicability to daily social interactions, renders it a subject that can be comprehended without extensive reference materials, distinguishing it from other optional subjects requiring extensive reading and research.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\nWhat's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\nToggle<\/span><\/path><\/svg><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\nQualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/a>Sociology Paper-1, Unit-3 [Research Methods and Analysis]<\/a><\/li>Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/a><\/li>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>After Class Doubts Session of Students \nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/a>Frequently Asked Questions by \nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>Sociology Optional Program for \nUPSC CSE\u00a0 2025 & 2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<\/span>Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n<\/span>Sociology Paper-1, Unit-3 [Research Methods and Analysis<\/span><\/strong>]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n<\/span>Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nBefore analyzing methods, it is necessary to understand difference between \u2018scientific method\u2019 and \u2018scientific methodology\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\nMethod is a tool or a technique used to collect data. It is a procedure for obtaining knowledge based on empirical observations and logical reasoning.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nMethodology is logic of scientific investigation. Methodology means description, explanation and justification of methods and\u00a0<\/strong>not the methods themselves.<\/span><\/p>\nWhen we\u00a0talk of methodology of any social science<\/strong>, say of sociology, we refer to the\u00a0method(s) used by sociologist, e.g. survey method, experimental method, case study method, statistical\u00a0<\/strong>method and so on. The word\u00a0\u2018technique\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>is also used in the contexts of inquiry of any science, e.g., techniques in a mass opinion, survey, for conducting interviews, for observation and so on. There is a right way and a wrong way or a good way and a bad way to do anything in science as in any other work.\u00a0The techniques of a science are the ways of doing the work of that science.\u00a0<\/strong>Methodology is concerned with techniques in this sense.<\/span>\nMethodology inquires\u00a0<\/strong>into the potentialities and limitations of some technique or other. It is a\u00a0plan and procedure for carrying out the research. It refers to research techniques and strategies for obtaining valid information. It is an approach to understanding phenomenon. It is a procedure of empirical investigation. It is not concerned with building knowledge but how knowledge is built,<\/strong>\u00a0i.e., how facts are collected, classified and analysed.<\/span><\/p>\nThe approach of a social scientist is different from that of a natural scientist.<\/strong>\u00a0A natural scientist does not participate in the phenomenon, he studies,<\/span><\/p>\n\ndoes not interview elements,<\/span><\/li>\nhas a laboratory for conducting experiments,<\/span><\/li>\nuses instruments and chemical and<\/span><\/li>\ncan control many variables, in his experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nAgainst this, a social scientist\u2026.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nparticipates in the phenomenon under study,<\/span><\/li>\ninterviews elements from whom collects data,<\/span><\/li>\nhas no laboratory,<\/span><\/li>\ndoes not use any instruments for measuring etc., like barometers and so on,<\/span><\/li>\ncannot control many variables.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThus, the difference in the approach of two scientists is of methodology and not method. Methodology\u00a0<\/strong>refers to philosophy on which research is based. This philosophy includes assumptions and values that serve as basis (rationale) for research and are used for interviewing data and reaching conclusions. It is said that the methodology used in natural sciences is more rigorous than that of social sciences.<\/span><\/p>\nThe cost of poll violence (in cores) in Lok Sabha elections in last ten elections in India? How many mandays have been lost due to strikes and lockouts in industries in India in the last two decades?<\/span><\/p>\nThis type of research is based on the methodological principles of positivism and adheres to the standards of strict sampling and research design.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nQuantitative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
IAS Medha Anand, has get 310 marks in her optional subject sociology, 156 in paper \u2013 1 & 154 marks in Paper-2 in CSE 2023<\/strong>. Notably, Sociology for UPSC has garnered a reputation as one of the Highest scoring optional subjects in the UPSC Main Examination, with numerous candidates consistently achieving 300+. Its popularity is evident in the fact that a significant proportion of top 100 rankers opt for Sociology as their optional subject, showcasing its high scoring potential, particularly for those not from sociology backgrounds. Moreover, relevance of\u00a0Sociology Optional Syllabus for UPSC<\/strong>\u00a0extends beyond the examination hall, enriching understanding across various aspects of life, from social and economic to political and cultural domains. In recent times, Sociology Optional has gained traction, aligning with the evolving trend of the UPSC Mains towards conceptual analysis. Unlike other optional subjects with unpredictable question patterns, Sociology offers stability and predictability, making it an attractive choice. This adaptability, coupled with its concise syllabus and relevance to both academic and social spheres, positions Sociology as the ideal\u00a0optional subject for engineers<\/strong>\u00a0as well as\u00a0optional subject for commerce graduates<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0optional subject for\u00a0science<\/span><\/a>\u00a0graduates<\/strong>\u00a0seeking success in the\u00a0Civil Services Examination<\/strong>. For those pursuing Sociology as an optional subject, accessing comprehensive\u00a0Sociology optional notes<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and few good\u00a0Sociology optional books<\/strong>, and previous years\u2019\u00a0UPSC sociology optional question papers<\/strong>\u00a0is pivotal for thorough preparation. Additionally, for aspirants seeking guidance, renowned\u00a0\u00a0educator<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Vikash Ranjan Sir at\u00a0TRIUMPH IAS<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0coaching institutes in Delhi, offer valuable support and resources.\u00a0Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and Triumph IAS is the\u00a0best<\/strong>\u00a0sociology coaching in Delhi<\/strong><\/a>. If you are away from Old Rajendra Nagar, Delhi, you can still complete Journey of UPSC civil service preparation through\u00a0online Sociology class<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>The\u00a0scientific<\/span><\/a>\u00a0nature of Sociology, coupled with its direct applicability to daily social interactions, renders it a subject that can be comprehended without extensive reference materials, distinguishing it from other optional subjects requiring extensive reading and research.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\nWhat's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\nToggle<\/span><\/path><\/svg><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\nQualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/a>Sociology Paper-1, Unit-3 [Research Methods and Analysis]<\/a><\/li>Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/a><\/li>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>After Class Doubts Session of Students \nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/a>Frequently Asked Questions by \nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>Sociology Optional Program for \nUPSC CSE\u00a0 2025 & 2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<\/span>Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n<\/span>Sociology Paper-1, Unit-3 [Research Methods and Analysis<\/span><\/strong>]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n<\/span>Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nBefore analyzing methods, it is necessary to understand difference between \u2018scientific method\u2019 and \u2018scientific methodology\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\nMethod is a tool or a technique used to collect data. It is a procedure for obtaining knowledge based on empirical observations and logical reasoning.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nMethodology is logic of scientific investigation. Methodology means description, explanation and justification of methods and\u00a0<\/strong>not the methods themselves.<\/span><\/p>\nWhen we\u00a0talk of methodology of any social science<\/strong>, say of sociology, we refer to the\u00a0method(s) used by sociologist, e.g. survey method, experimental method, case study method, statistical\u00a0<\/strong>method and so on. The word\u00a0\u2018technique\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>is also used in the contexts of inquiry of any science, e.g., techniques in a mass opinion, survey, for conducting interviews, for observation and so on. There is a right way and a wrong way or a good way and a bad way to do anything in science as in any other work.\u00a0The techniques of a science are the ways of doing the work of that science.\u00a0<\/strong>Methodology is concerned with techniques in this sense.<\/span>\nMethodology inquires\u00a0<\/strong>into the potentialities and limitations of some technique or other. It is a\u00a0plan and procedure for carrying out the research. It refers to research techniques and strategies for obtaining valid information. It is an approach to understanding phenomenon. It is a procedure of empirical investigation. It is not concerned with building knowledge but how knowledge is built,<\/strong>\u00a0i.e., how facts are collected, classified and analysed.<\/span><\/p>\nThe approach of a social scientist is different from that of a natural scientist.<\/strong>\u00a0A natural scientist does not participate in the phenomenon, he studies,<\/span><\/p>\n\ndoes not interview elements,<\/span><\/li>\nhas a laboratory for conducting experiments,<\/span><\/li>\nuses instruments and chemical and<\/span><\/li>\ncan control many variables, in his experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nAgainst this, a social scientist\u2026.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nparticipates in the phenomenon under study,<\/span><\/li>\ninterviews elements from whom collects data,<\/span><\/li>\nhas no laboratory,<\/span><\/li>\ndoes not use any instruments for measuring etc., like barometers and so on,<\/span><\/li>\ncannot control many variables.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThus, the difference in the approach of two scientists is of methodology and not method. Methodology\u00a0<\/strong>refers to philosophy on which research is based. This philosophy includes assumptions and values that serve as basis (rationale) for research and are used for interviewing data and reaching conclusions. It is said that the methodology used in natural sciences is more rigorous than that of social sciences.<\/span><\/p>\nThe cost of poll violence (in cores) in Lok Sabha elections in last ten elections in India? How many mandays have been lost due to strikes and lockouts in industries in India in the last two decades?<\/span><\/p>\nThis type of research is based on the methodological principles of positivism and adheres to the standards of strict sampling and research design.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nQuantitative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\nToggle<\/span><\/path><\/svg><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\nQualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/a>Sociology Paper-1, Unit-3 [Research Methods and Analysis]<\/a><\/li>Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/a><\/li>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>After Class Doubts Session of Students \nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/a>Frequently Asked Questions by \nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>Sociology Optional Program for \nUPSC CSE\u00a0 2025 & 2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<\/span>Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n<\/span>Sociology Paper-1, Unit-3 [Research Methods and Analysis<\/span><\/strong>]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n<\/span>Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nBefore analyzing methods, it is necessary to understand difference between \u2018scientific method\u2019 and \u2018scientific methodology\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\nMethod is a tool or a technique used to collect data. It is a procedure for obtaining knowledge based on empirical observations and logical reasoning.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nMethodology is logic of scientific investigation. Methodology means description, explanation and justification of methods and\u00a0<\/strong>not the methods themselves.<\/span><\/p>\nWhen we\u00a0talk of methodology of any social science<\/strong>, say of sociology, we refer to the\u00a0method(s) used by sociologist, e.g. survey method, experimental method, case study method, statistical\u00a0<\/strong>method and so on. The word\u00a0\u2018technique\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>is also used in the contexts of inquiry of any science, e.g., techniques in a mass opinion, survey, for conducting interviews, for observation and so on. There is a right way and a wrong way or a good way and a bad way to do anything in science as in any other work.\u00a0The techniques of a science are the ways of doing the work of that science.\u00a0<\/strong>Methodology is concerned with techniques in this sense.<\/span>\nMethodology inquires\u00a0<\/strong>into the potentialities and limitations of some technique or other. It is a\u00a0plan and procedure for carrying out the research. It refers to research techniques and strategies for obtaining valid information. It is an approach to understanding phenomenon. It is a procedure of empirical investigation. It is not concerned with building knowledge but how knowledge is built,<\/strong>\u00a0i.e., how facts are collected, classified and analysed.<\/span><\/p>\nThe approach of a social scientist is different from that of a natural scientist.<\/strong>\u00a0A natural scientist does not participate in the phenomenon, he studies,<\/span><\/p>\n\ndoes not interview elements,<\/span><\/li>\nhas a laboratory for conducting experiments,<\/span><\/li>\nuses instruments and chemical and<\/span><\/li>\ncan control many variables, in his experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nAgainst this, a social scientist\u2026.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nparticipates in the phenomenon under study,<\/span><\/li>\ninterviews elements from whom collects data,<\/span><\/li>\nhas no laboratory,<\/span><\/li>\ndoes not use any instruments for measuring etc., like barometers and so on,<\/span><\/li>\ncannot control many variables.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThus, the difference in the approach of two scientists is of methodology and not method. Methodology\u00a0<\/strong>refers to philosophy on which research is based. This philosophy includes assumptions and values that serve as basis (rationale) for research and are used for interviewing data and reaching conclusions. It is said that the methodology used in natural sciences is more rigorous than that of social sciences.<\/span><\/p>\nThe cost of poll violence (in cores) in Lok Sabha elections in last ten elections in India? How many mandays have been lost due to strikes and lockouts in industries in India in the last two decades?<\/span><\/p>\nThis type of research is based on the methodological principles of positivism and adheres to the standards of strict sampling and research design.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nQuantitative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
Before analyzing methods, it is necessary to understand difference between \u2018scientific method\u2019 and \u2018scientific methodology\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\nMethod is a tool or a technique used to collect data. It is a procedure for obtaining knowledge based on empirical observations and logical reasoning.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nMethodology is logic of scientific investigation. Methodology means description, explanation and justification of methods and\u00a0<\/strong>not the methods themselves.<\/span><\/p>\nWhen we\u00a0talk of methodology of any social science<\/strong>, say of sociology, we refer to the\u00a0method(s) used by sociologist, e.g. survey method, experimental method, case study method, statistical\u00a0<\/strong>method and so on. The word\u00a0\u2018technique\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>is also used in the contexts of inquiry of any science, e.g., techniques in a mass opinion, survey, for conducting interviews, for observation and so on. There is a right way and a wrong way or a good way and a bad way to do anything in science as in any other work.\u00a0The techniques of a science are the ways of doing the work of that science.\u00a0<\/strong>Methodology is concerned with techniques in this sense.<\/span>\nMethodology inquires\u00a0<\/strong>into the potentialities and limitations of some technique or other. It is a\u00a0plan and procedure for carrying out the research. It refers to research techniques and strategies for obtaining valid information. It is an approach to understanding phenomenon. It is a procedure of empirical investigation. It is not concerned with building knowledge but how knowledge is built,<\/strong>\u00a0i.e., how facts are collected, classified and analysed.<\/span><\/p>\nThe approach of a social scientist is different from that of a natural scientist.<\/strong>\u00a0A natural scientist does not participate in the phenomenon, he studies,<\/span><\/p>\n\ndoes not interview elements,<\/span><\/li>\nhas a laboratory for conducting experiments,<\/span><\/li>\nuses instruments and chemical and<\/span><\/li>\ncan control many variables, in his experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nAgainst this, a social scientist\u2026.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nparticipates in the phenomenon under study,<\/span><\/li>\ninterviews elements from whom collects data,<\/span><\/li>\nhas no laboratory,<\/span><\/li>\ndoes not use any instruments for measuring etc., like barometers and so on,<\/span><\/li>\ncannot control many variables.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThus, the difference in the approach of two scientists is of methodology and not method. Methodology\u00a0<\/strong>refers to philosophy on which research is based. This philosophy includes assumptions and values that serve as basis (rationale) for research and are used for interviewing data and reaching conclusions. It is said that the methodology used in natural sciences is more rigorous than that of social sciences.<\/span><\/p>\nThe cost of poll violence (in cores) in Lok Sabha elections in last ten elections in India? How many mandays have been lost due to strikes and lockouts in industries in India in the last two decades?<\/span><\/p>\nThis type of research is based on the methodological principles of positivism and adheres to the standards of strict sampling and research design.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nQuantitative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
Method is a tool or a technique used to collect data. It is a procedure for obtaining knowledge based on empirical observations and logical reasoning.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nMethodology is logic of scientific investigation. Methodology means description, explanation and justification of methods and\u00a0<\/strong>not the methods themselves.<\/span><\/p>\nWhen we\u00a0talk of methodology of any social science<\/strong>, say of sociology, we refer to the\u00a0method(s) used by sociologist, e.g. survey method, experimental method, case study method, statistical\u00a0<\/strong>method and so on. The word\u00a0\u2018technique\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>is also used in the contexts of inquiry of any science, e.g., techniques in a mass opinion, survey, for conducting interviews, for observation and so on. There is a right way and a wrong way or a good way and a bad way to do anything in science as in any other work.\u00a0The techniques of a science are the ways of doing the work of that science.\u00a0<\/strong>Methodology is concerned with techniques in this sense.<\/span>\nMethodology inquires\u00a0<\/strong>into the potentialities and limitations of some technique or other. It is a\u00a0plan and procedure for carrying out the research. It refers to research techniques and strategies for obtaining valid information. It is an approach to understanding phenomenon. It is a procedure of empirical investigation. It is not concerned with building knowledge but how knowledge is built,<\/strong>\u00a0i.e., how facts are collected, classified and analysed.<\/span><\/p>\nThe approach of a social scientist is different from that of a natural scientist.<\/strong>\u00a0A natural scientist does not participate in the phenomenon, he studies,<\/span><\/p>\n\ndoes not interview elements,<\/span><\/li>\nhas a laboratory for conducting experiments,<\/span><\/li>\nuses instruments and chemical and<\/span><\/li>\ncan control many variables, in his experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nAgainst this, a social scientist\u2026.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nparticipates in the phenomenon under study,<\/span><\/li>\ninterviews elements from whom collects data,<\/span><\/li>\nhas no laboratory,<\/span><\/li>\ndoes not use any instruments for measuring etc., like barometers and so on,<\/span><\/li>\ncannot control many variables.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThus, the difference in the approach of two scientists is of methodology and not method. Methodology\u00a0<\/strong>refers to philosophy on which research is based. This philosophy includes assumptions and values that serve as basis (rationale) for research and are used for interviewing data and reaching conclusions. It is said that the methodology used in natural sciences is more rigorous than that of social sciences.<\/span><\/p>\nThe cost of poll violence (in cores) in Lok Sabha elections in last ten elections in India? How many mandays have been lost due to strikes and lockouts in industries in India in the last two decades?<\/span><\/p>\nThis type of research is based on the methodological principles of positivism and adheres to the standards of strict sampling and research design.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nQuantitative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
Methodology is logic of scientific investigation. Methodology means description, explanation and justification of methods and\u00a0<\/strong>not the methods themselves.<\/span><\/p>\nWhen we\u00a0talk of methodology of any social science<\/strong>, say of sociology, we refer to the\u00a0method(s) used by sociologist, e.g. survey method, experimental method, case study method, statistical\u00a0<\/strong>method and so on. The word\u00a0\u2018technique\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>is also used in the contexts of inquiry of any science, e.g., techniques in a mass opinion, survey, for conducting interviews, for observation and so on. There is a right way and a wrong way or a good way and a bad way to do anything in science as in any other work.\u00a0The techniques of a science are the ways of doing the work of that science.\u00a0<\/strong>Methodology is concerned with techniques in this sense.<\/span>\nMethodology inquires\u00a0<\/strong>into the potentialities and limitations of some technique or other. It is a\u00a0plan and procedure for carrying out the research. It refers to research techniques and strategies for obtaining valid information. It is an approach to understanding phenomenon. It is a procedure of empirical investigation. It is not concerned with building knowledge but how knowledge is built,<\/strong>\u00a0i.e., how facts are collected, classified and analysed.<\/span><\/p>\nThe approach of a social scientist is different from that of a natural scientist.<\/strong>\u00a0A natural scientist does not participate in the phenomenon, he studies,<\/span><\/p>\n\ndoes not interview elements,<\/span><\/li>\nhas a laboratory for conducting experiments,<\/span><\/li>\nuses instruments and chemical and<\/span><\/li>\ncan control many variables, in his experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nAgainst this, a social scientist\u2026.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nparticipates in the phenomenon under study,<\/span><\/li>\ninterviews elements from whom collects data,<\/span><\/li>\nhas no laboratory,<\/span><\/li>\ndoes not use any instruments for measuring etc., like barometers and so on,<\/span><\/li>\ncannot control many variables.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThus, the difference in the approach of two scientists is of methodology and not method. Methodology\u00a0<\/strong>refers to philosophy on which research is based. This philosophy includes assumptions and values that serve as basis (rationale) for research and are used for interviewing data and reaching conclusions. It is said that the methodology used in natural sciences is more rigorous than that of social sciences.<\/span><\/p>\nThe cost of poll violence (in cores) in Lok Sabha elections in last ten elections in India? How many mandays have been lost due to strikes and lockouts in industries in India in the last two decades?<\/span><\/p>\nThis type of research is based on the methodological principles of positivism and adheres to the standards of strict sampling and research design.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nQuantitative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
When we\u00a0talk of methodology of any social science<\/strong>, say of sociology, we refer to the\u00a0method(s) used by sociologist, e.g. survey method, experimental method, case study method, statistical\u00a0<\/strong>method and so on. The word\u00a0\u2018technique\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>is also used in the contexts of inquiry of any science, e.g., techniques in a mass opinion, survey, for conducting interviews, for observation and so on. There is a right way and a wrong way or a good way and a bad way to do anything in science as in any other work.\u00a0The techniques of a science are the ways of doing the work of that science.\u00a0<\/strong>Methodology is concerned with techniques in this sense.<\/span>\nMethodology inquires\u00a0<\/strong>into the potentialities and limitations of some technique or other. It is a\u00a0plan and procedure for carrying out the research. It refers to research techniques and strategies for obtaining valid information. It is an approach to understanding phenomenon. It is a procedure of empirical investigation. It is not concerned with building knowledge but how knowledge is built,<\/strong>\u00a0i.e., how facts are collected, classified and analysed.<\/span><\/p>\nThe approach of a social scientist is different from that of a natural scientist.<\/strong>\u00a0A natural scientist does not participate in the phenomenon, he studies,<\/span><\/p>\n\ndoes not interview elements,<\/span><\/li>\nhas a laboratory for conducting experiments,<\/span><\/li>\nuses instruments and chemical and<\/span><\/li>\ncan control many variables, in his experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nAgainst this, a social scientist\u2026.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nparticipates in the phenomenon under study,<\/span><\/li>\ninterviews elements from whom collects data,<\/span><\/li>\nhas no laboratory,<\/span><\/li>\ndoes not use any instruments for measuring etc., like barometers and so on,<\/span><\/li>\ncannot control many variables.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThus, the difference in the approach of two scientists is of methodology and not method. Methodology\u00a0<\/strong>refers to philosophy on which research is based. This philosophy includes assumptions and values that serve as basis (rationale) for research and are used for interviewing data and reaching conclusions. It is said that the methodology used in natural sciences is more rigorous than that of social sciences.<\/span><\/p>\nThe cost of poll violence (in cores) in Lok Sabha elections in last ten elections in India? How many mandays have been lost due to strikes and lockouts in industries in India in the last two decades?<\/span><\/p>\nThis type of research is based on the methodological principles of positivism and adheres to the standards of strict sampling and research design.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nQuantitative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
The approach of a social scientist is different from that of a natural scientist.<\/strong>\u00a0A natural scientist does not participate in the phenomenon, he studies,<\/span><\/p>\n\ndoes not interview elements,<\/span><\/li>\nhas a laboratory for conducting experiments,<\/span><\/li>\nuses instruments and chemical and<\/span><\/li>\ncan control many variables, in his experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nAgainst this, a social scientist\u2026.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nparticipates in the phenomenon under study,<\/span><\/li>\ninterviews elements from whom collects data,<\/span><\/li>\nhas no laboratory,<\/span><\/li>\ndoes not use any instruments for measuring etc., like barometers and so on,<\/span><\/li>\ncannot control many variables.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThus, the difference in the approach of two scientists is of methodology and not method. Methodology\u00a0<\/strong>refers to philosophy on which research is based. This philosophy includes assumptions and values that serve as basis (rationale) for research and are used for interviewing data and reaching conclusions. It is said that the methodology used in natural sciences is more rigorous than that of social sciences.<\/span><\/p>\nThe cost of poll violence (in cores) in Lok Sabha elections in last ten elections in India? How many mandays have been lost due to strikes and lockouts in industries in India in the last two decades?<\/span><\/p>\nThis type of research is based on the methodological principles of positivism and adheres to the standards of strict sampling and research design.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nQuantitative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
Against this, a social scientist\u2026.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nparticipates in the phenomenon under study,<\/span><\/li>\ninterviews elements from whom collects data,<\/span><\/li>\nhas no laboratory,<\/span><\/li>\ndoes not use any instruments for measuring etc., like barometers and so on,<\/span><\/li>\ncannot control many variables.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThus, the difference in the approach of two scientists is of methodology and not method. Methodology\u00a0<\/strong>refers to philosophy on which research is based. This philosophy includes assumptions and values that serve as basis (rationale) for research and are used for interviewing data and reaching conclusions. It is said that the methodology used in natural sciences is more rigorous than that of social sciences.<\/span><\/p>\nThe cost of poll violence (in cores) in Lok Sabha elections in last ten elections in India? How many mandays have been lost due to strikes and lockouts in industries in India in the last two decades?<\/span><\/p>\nThis type of research is based on the methodological principles of positivism and adheres to the standards of strict sampling and research design.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nQuantitative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
Thus, the difference in the approach of two scientists is of methodology and not method. Methodology\u00a0<\/strong>refers to philosophy on which research is based. This philosophy includes assumptions and values that serve as basis (rationale) for research and are used for interviewing data and reaching conclusions. It is said that the methodology used in natural sciences is more rigorous than that of social sciences.<\/span><\/p>\nThe cost of poll violence (in cores) in Lok Sabha elections in last ten elections in India? How many mandays have been lost due to strikes and lockouts in industries in India in the last two decades?<\/span><\/p>\nThis type of research is based on the methodological principles of positivism and adheres to the standards of strict sampling and research design.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nQuantitative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
The cost of poll violence (in cores) in Lok Sabha elections in last ten elections in India? How many mandays have been lost due to strikes and lockouts in industries in India in the last two decades?<\/span><\/p>\nThis type of research is based on the methodological principles of positivism and adheres to the standards of strict sampling and research design.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nQuantitative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
This type of research is based on the methodological principles of positivism and adheres to the standards of strict sampling and research design.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nQuantitative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
This research employs quantitative measurement and the use of statistical analysis. For example,<\/strong>\u00a0what percentage of medical, engineering, law, arts, science and commerce students takes drugs or uses alcohol? What percentage of prisoners rejects prison norms and internalizes norms of the inmate world? What percentage of women leading unhappy marital life takes initiative to divorce their husbands?<\/span><\/p>\nQualititative Method;<\/span><\/h3>\nThis research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
This research presents\u00a0non-quantitative type of analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0It describes\u00a0reality as experienced by the groups, communities, individuals etc. For example,\u00a0<\/strong>how does the structure and organisation of wall-less prisons (or minimum security jails) differ from that of the central or district jails (or maximum security jails) and contribute to the reformation and resocialisation of criminals? What has been the partywise stand on women\u2019s reservation in Parliament and state assemblies?<\/span><\/p>\nDifference in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Method;<\/span><\/h4>\nQuantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
Quantitative researchers tend to be more prescriptive than qualitative researchers.<\/strong>\u00a0The later operate with as few prescriptions as possible.<\/span><\/p>\nSome people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
Some people hold that the\u00a0qualitative researchers\u00a0<\/strong>usually do not employ a design. They are more open and flexible and have greater freedom of choice. But this is not correct. Investigators engaged in qualitative research are equally concerned with how, what, where and when the data are to be collected.\u00a0However, some differences in designing the two types of research (quantitative is described here as \u2018former\u2019 and qualitative as \u2018later) may be pointed here (Sarantakos):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn the former research,\u00a0the problem is specific and precise\u00a0<\/strong>in the later research, it is\u00a0general and loosely structured.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0the hypotheses are formulated before the study<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0hypotheses are either during the study or after the study.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0concepts are operationalized;<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0latter concepts are only sensitized<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in designing research, the design is prescriptive;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the design is not prescriptive.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is planned before data collection;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter, it is\u00a0planned during data collection.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0sampling is representative<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0it is not representative.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0all types of measurements\/scales are employed<\/strong>; in the latter,\u00a0mostly nominal scales are used.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0for data collection, generally investigators are employed in big researches;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the researchers analyse data single-handed.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn the former,\u00a0in processing data, usually inductive generalization<\/strong>\u00a0is made; in the latter,\u00a0usually analytical generalization are made.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\nIn reporting in the former research\u00a0the finding are highly integrated;<\/strong>\u00a0in the latter,\u00a0the findings are mostly not integrated.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/span>The End of the Blog: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/a><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/h2>\n\n<\/span>After Class Doubts Session of Students<\/span>\nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions by<\/span>\nUPSC Sociology Optional\u00a0Students<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nHow to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
How to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nUnderstand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
Understand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend\u00a0
![\"Journey](\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Blog-150x150.jpeg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n