{"id":20940,"date":"2024-02-22T14:31:07","date_gmt":"2024-02-22T09:01:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=20940"},"modified":"2024-12-27T16:45:40","modified_gmt":"2024-12-27T11:15:40","slug":"modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Modernity and Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology | Sociology Optional Coaching | Vikash Ranjan Classes | Triumph IAS | UPSC Sociology Optional"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-25247\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Blog-150x150.jpeg\" alt=\"GS Blog (Triumphias) https:\/\/triumphias.com\/sociology-offline.php\" width=\"810\" height=\"810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Blog-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Blog-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Blog-1024x1024.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Blog-768x768.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Blog.jpeg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">When considering the array of 51 optional subjects for the\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">UPSC Mains Examination<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, Sociology consistently stands out as a top choice. Its inherent appeal lies in its accessibility and intriguing exploration of humanity and society, catering even to students from<\/span><a class=\"google-anno\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protests-and-movements\/#\">\u00a0<span class=\"google-anno-t\">Science<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0and Commerce backgrounds. With a well-defined\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: inherit;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.in\/?page_id=758\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>UPSC sociology syllabus<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> comprising only 13 units, Sociology can be comprehensively covered <\/span><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">within <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">4 to 5 Month Comprehensive \u201cFoundation to Finale\u201d<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> Classroom Programme, Many of Our Sociology Foundation Course Students have Cleared <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">CSE 2023- Kajal Singh, First Attempt (Age 22) Mahi Sharma, First Mains (Age 23), Anand Sharma First Mains and Many Others.<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> Previously also Many students like<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> IAS Pradeep Singh, IAS Ashish, IPS Bindu Madhav, IPS Aparna Gautam, IPS Shahnaz Illyas<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> got Success in CSE in <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">First Attempt with Sociology Optional.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> IAS Medha Anand, has get 310 marks in her optional subject sociology, 156 in paper \u2013 1 &amp; 154 marks in Paper-2 in CSE 2023<\/strong>. Notably, Sociology for UPSC has garnered a reputation as one of the Highest scoring optional subjects in the UPSC Main Examination, with numerous candidates consistently achieving 300+<span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">. Its popularity is evident in the fact that a significant proportion of top 100 rankers opt for Sociology as their optional subject, showcasing its high scoring potential, particularly for those not from sociology backgrounds. Moreover, relevance of\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Sociology Optional Syllabus for UPSC<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0extends beyond the examination hall, enriching understanding across various aspects of life, from social and economic to political and cultural domains. In recent times, Sociology Optional has gained traction, aligning with the evolving trend of the UPSC Mains towards conceptual analysis. Unlike other optional subjects with unpredictable question patterns, Sociology offers stability and predictability, making it an attractive choice. This adaptability, coupled with its concise syllabus and relevance to both academic and social spheres, positions Sociology as the ideal\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">optional subject for engineers<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0as well as\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">optional subject for commerce graduates<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">optional subject for<a class=\"google-anno\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protests-and-movements\/#\">\u00a0<span class=\"google-anno-t\">science<\/span><\/a>\u00a0graduates<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0seeking success in the\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Civil Services Examination<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">. For those pursuing Sociology as an optional subject, accessing comprehensive\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: inherit;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.in\/?page_id=758\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Sociology optional notes<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0and few good\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Sociology optional books<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, and previous years\u2019\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">UPSC sociology optional question papers<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0is pivotal for thorough preparation. Additionally, for aspirants seeking guidance, renowned\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"google-anno\" style=\"font-size: inherit;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protests-and-movements\/#\">\u00a0<span class=\"google-anno-t\">educator<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0Vikash Ranjan Sir at\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: inherit;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>TRIUMPH IAS<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0coaching institutes in Delhi, offer valuable support and resources.\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0is the\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: inherit;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/pages-about-vikash-ranjan-triumphias.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> and Triumph IAS is the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>best<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>sociology coaching in Delhi<\/strong><\/a>. If you are away from Old Rajendra Nagar, Delhi, you can still complete Journey of UPSC civil service preparation through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>online Sociology class<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>The<a class=\"google-anno\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/protests-and-movements\/#\">\u00a0<span class=\"google-anno-t\">scientific<\/span><\/a>\u00a0nature of Sociology, coupled with its direct applicability to daily social interactions, renders it a subject that can be comprehended without extensive reference materials, distinguishing it from other optional subjects requiring extensive reading and research.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology-1\/#Modernity_and_Social_Changes_in_Europe_and_Emergence_of_Sociology\" title=\"Modernity and Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology\">Modernity and Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology-1\/#Relevant_for_Civil_Services_Examination\" title=\"Relevant for Civil Services Examination\">Relevant for Civil Services Examination<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology-1\/#Sociology_Paper-1_Unit-1_Sociology-_The_Discipline\" title=\"Sociology Paper-1, Unit-1 [Sociology- The Discipline]\">Sociology Paper-1, Unit-1 [Sociology- The Discipline]<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology-1\/#Modernity_and_Social_Changes_in_Europe_and_Emergence_of_Sociology_Modernity_is_associated_with_the_sweeping_changes_that_took_place_in_the_society-particularly_social_economic_and_cultural_changes\" title=\"Modernity and Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology \nModernity\u00a0is associated with the sweeping changes that took place in the society-particularly social, economic and cultural changes.\">Modernity and Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology \nModernity\u00a0is associated with the sweeping changes that took place in the society-particularly social, economic and cultural changes.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology-1\/#Modernity_and_Social_Changes_In_Europe\" title=\"Modernity and Social Changes In Europe\">Modernity and Social Changes In Europe<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology-1\/#Story_of_Spread_and_Popularity_of_Sociology_In_USA_Other_Societies\" title=\"Story of Spread and Popularity of Sociology (In USA &amp; Other Societies)\">Story of Spread and Popularity of Sociology (In USA &amp; Other Societies)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology-1\/#The_End_of_the_Blog_Modernity_and_Social_Changes_in_Europe_and_Emergence_of_Sociology\" title=\"The End of the Blog: Modernity and Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology\">The End of the Blog: Modernity and Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology-1\/#After_Class_Doubts_Session_of_Students_with_Vikash_Ranjan_Sir\" title=\"After Class Doubts Session of Students \nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir\">After Class Doubts Session of Students \nwith Vikash Ranjan Sir<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology-1\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions_by_UPSC_Sociology_Optional_Students\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions by \nUPSC Sociology Optional Students\">Frequently Asked Questions by \nUPSC Sociology Optional Students<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology-1\/#Sociology_Optional_Program_for_UPSC_CSE_2025_2026\" title=\"Sociology Optional Program for \nUPSC CSE\u00a0 2025 &amp; 2026\">Sociology Optional Program for \nUPSC CSE\u00a0 2025 &amp; 2026<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Modernity_and_Social_Changes_in_Europe_and_Emergence_of_Sociology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #ff0000;\">Modernity and Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relevant_for_Civil_Services_Examination\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span class=\"selectable-text copyable-text\">Relevant for Civil Services Examination<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociology_Paper-1_Unit-1_Sociology-_The_Discipline\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span class=\"selectable-text copyable-text\">Sociology Paper-1, Unit-1 [Sociology- The Discipline<\/span><\/strong><strong><span class=\"selectable-text copyable-text\">]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: dotted; border-color: #4f3232; background-color: #fcffe8;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 809.091px;\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Modernity_and_Social_Changes_in_Europe_and_Emergence_of_Sociology_Modernity_is_associated_with_the_sweeping_changes_that_took_place_in_the_society-particularly_social_economic_and_cultural_changes\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; color: blue;\">Modernity and Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology<\/span><\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Modernity\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">is associated with the sweeping changes that took place in the society-particularly social, economic and cultural changes<\/span><\/em><strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">.<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Modernity\u00a0<\/strong>involves<strong>\u00a0values and norms that are universal in nature<\/strong>. This is the outcome of\u00a0<strong>the Process of Modernization<\/strong>.\u00a0<strong>It represents substantial break with traditional society.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em><strong>Modernization<\/strong>\u00a0is an idea before it is a process. As it is an idea, there is no agreement among social scientists on its meaning and interpretation.\u00a0<strong>The concept of modernization emerged as an explanation of how Western countries\/ societies developed through enlightenment, industrialization and capitalism.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">According to this approach, modernization depends primarily on\u00a0<strong>introduction of technology and the<br \/>\nknowledge required making use of it<\/strong>. Besides, several social and political prerequisites have been identified to make modernization possible. Some of these prerequisites are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Inventions and Discoveries &amp; Innovation.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Industrialization and urbanization.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Capitalism<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Free Market<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Optimism<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The search for absolute knowledge in science, technology, society and politics.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The idea that gaining knowledge of the true self was the only foundation for all other knowledge.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Rationality.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Increased levels of education.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Development of mass media.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Accessible transport and communication.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Democratic political institutions.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>More urban and mobile population.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Nuclear family in place of extended family.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Complex division of labour.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Declining public influence of religion, and;<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Developed markets for exchange of goods and services in place of traditional ways of meeting such needs.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Modernization is, thus, supposed to be the\u00a0<strong>result of the presence of these prerequisites\u00a0<\/strong>in the social system.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"thinkers-on-modernity\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #800000;\"><strong>T<\/strong>hinkers on Modernity<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18351 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/karl-marx-min-131x150.jpg\" alt=\"SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY: ORIGIN &amp; DEVELOPMENT, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus.\" width=\"428\" height=\"490\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/karl-marx-min-131x150.jpg 131w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/karl-marx-min-263x300.jpg 263w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/karl-marx-min-897x1024.jpg 897w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/karl-marx-min-768x877.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/karl-marx-min-1345x1536.jpg 1345w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/karl-marx-min-1793x2048.jpg 1793w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Karl Marx\u2019s\u00a0<\/strong>concern with modernity was in terms of<strong>\u00a0production relations.<\/strong>\u00a0It was the objective of the capitalist class to increase its production. More production means more profit. Capitalism, for him, was ultimately profiteering. Marx, therefore, argued that for capitalism everything is a commodity. Dance, drama, literature, religion, in fact, everything in society is a commodity. It is manufactured and sold in the market.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Max Weber<\/strong>\u00a0scans a huge literature on domination, religion and other wider areas of life and comes to the conclusion that\u00a0<strong>rationality is the pervading theme<\/strong>, which characterises human actions. He has, therefore, defined\u00a0<strong>modernity<\/strong>\u00a0as\u00a0<strong>rationality<\/strong>. For him, in one word, modernity is<strong>\u00a0synonymous with rationality.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Emile Durkheim<\/strong>\u00a0had a very intimate encounter with<strong>\u00a0industrialization and urbanization<\/strong>. He was scared of the impact of modernization. His studies of modern society brought out very interesting and exciting data. He was a functionalist. He very strongly believed in the<strong>\u00a0cohesion of society. For him, society is above everything else. It is par excellence. It is God. Despite all this, society is never static<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Ferdinand Tonnies<\/strong>\u00a0 characterized key characteristics of simple and modern societies with the German words\u00a0<strong>Gemeinschaft\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Gesellschaft<\/strong>.<strong>\u00a0Gemeinschaft\u00a0means human community,<\/strong>\u00a0and Tonnies said that a\u00a0<strong>sense of community characterizes simple societies, where\u00a0 family , kin, and community ties are quite strong<\/strong>. As societies\u00a0<strong>grew and industrialized<\/strong>\u00a0and as people<strong>\u00a0moved to cities,\u00a0<\/strong>Tonnies said,<strong>\u00a0social ties weakened\u00a0<\/strong>and<strong>\u00a0became more impersonal<\/strong>. Tonnies called this\u00a0<strong>situation a\u00a0 Gesellschaft\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0and found it\u00a0<strong>dismaying.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>George Simmel<\/strong>\u00a0is seen as investigating modernity\u00a0<strong>primarily in two major interrelated sites:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>the city and the money economy.<\/strong>\u00a0The city is where modernity is\u00a0<strong>concentrated or intensified,\u00a0<\/strong>whereas the\u00a0<strong>money economy involves the diffusion of modernity<\/strong>, its extension.<strong>\u00a0Thus, for Simmel, modernity consists of city life and the diffusion of money.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Modernity_and_Social_Changes_In_Europe\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Modernity and Social Changes In Europe<\/span><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-21048\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Salon_de_Madame_Geoffrin-150x99.jpg\" alt=\"Modernity and Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology\" width=\"667\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Salon_de_Madame_Geoffrin-150x99.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Salon_de_Madame_Geoffrin-120x80.jpg 120w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Salon_de_Madame_Geoffrin.jpg 220w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The Emergence of Sociology\u00a0<\/strong>as a scientific Discipline is traced to the period of European History characterised by tremendous\u00a0<strong>Social, Political, Economic and Cultural changes.\u00a0<\/strong>These changes were result of Modernity embodied in\u00a0<strong>French revolution and Industrial Revolution i<\/strong>nfluenced by\u00a0<strong>Commercial Revolution and Scientific Revolution.<\/strong>\u00a0Modernity received ideological content from these revolutions. These revolutions came up with<strong>\u00a0ideology of profiteering<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>mass production-new markets, desire for building capital empires in other countries and industrialism-development of technology, rationality, capitalism and progress<\/strong>. This period of Modernity and change in European society is known as\u00a0<strong>enlightenment period.<\/strong>\u00a0It embodies the spirit of\u00a0<strong>new awakening in the French philosophers of the<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Eighteenth century.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-enlightenment-period\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #800000;\">The Enlightenment Period<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The roots of the ideas developed by the early sociologists are grounded in the social conditions that prevailed in Europe<\/strong>. The emergence of sociology as a scientific discipline can be traced to that period of European history, which saw such tremendous\u00a0<strong>social, political and economic changes as embodied in the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The Enlightenment Period marked a radical change from the traditional thinking of feudal Europe<\/strong>. It introduced the<strong>\u00a0new way of thinking and looking at reality.\u00a0<\/strong>Individuals started\u00a0<strong>questioning each and every aspect of life<\/strong>\u00a0and nothing was<strong>\u00a0considered sacrosanct<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<strong>from the church to the state to the authority of the monarch and so on.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The roots of the ideas, such as\u00a0<strong>the belief that both nature and society can be studied scientifically, that human beings are essentially rational and that a society built on rational principles will make human beings realise their infinite potentials, can be traced in the development of science and commerce in Europe. The new outlook developed as a result of the commercial revolution and the scientific revolution and crystallized during the French and the industrial revolutions gave birth to sociology<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>as a discipline.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Old Europe\u00a0<\/strong>was traditional. Land was central to its economic system. There were owners of land, the feudal lords and the peasants who worked on the lands. The classes were distinct and clearly demarcated. Religion formed the corner stone of society. The religious heads decided what was moral, what was not. Family and kinship were central to the lives of the people. Monarchy was firmly rooted in society. The king was believed to be divinely ordained to rule over his people.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The new Europe<\/strong>\u00a0ushered in by the two Revolutions, the<strong>\u00a0French and the industrial,\u00a0<\/strong>challenged each and every central feature of old Europe Classes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #800000;\">The\u00a0<strong>Commercial Revolution<\/strong>\u00a0and Modernity and Social Changes In Europe<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The \u201cCommercial Revolution\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0refers to a\u00a0<strong>series of events between 1450 to approximately 1800. These events signaled to a shift from the largely subsistence and stagnant economy of medieval Europe to a more dynamic and worldwide system.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Commercial Revolution in this sense, signified the expansion of trade and commerce that took place from the fifteenth century onwards. It was of such a large scale and organised manner that we call it a Revolution. This expansion was as a result of the initiative taken by certain European countries to develop and consolidate their economic and political power. These countries were Portugal, Spain, Holland and England.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Europe\u2019s trade with the Oriental or Eastern countries like India and China was transacted by land routes. The northern Italian cities of Venice and Genoa were the major centers of trade. The result of the Italian monopoly was that the prices of goods like spices and silks imported from the East were extremely high. Portugal and Spain therefore, wanted to discover a route to the Orient that would be independent of Italian control.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Thus began a shift from land routes to sea-routes.<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0The Portuguese were the pioneers in adventurous navigation and exploration, you probably know of the historic voyage of Vasco da Gama who, in 1498 landed on the Indian coast after having sailed around the southern tip of Africa.\u00a0<strong>Christopher Columbus, an Italian under the patronage of the Spanish King and Queen, set sail for India.<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>However, he landed on the shores of North America.<\/strong>\u00a0This accidental discovery of America was to prove very beneficial to Spain. It laid the foundations of what was to become a Spanish empire in America.<strong>\u00a0Britain, France and Holland soon followed Spain and Portugal.\u00a0<\/strong>The parts of India and Africa, Malacca, the Spice Islands, West Indies and South America came under the economic control of Spain, Portugal, England, France and Holland. Commerce expanded into a world enterprise. The monopoly of the Italian cities was destroyed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>European markets were flooded with new commodities; spices and textiles from the east, tobacco from north America, cocoa, chocolate and quinine from south America, ivory and, above all, human slaves from Africa.<\/strong>\u00a0With the discovery of the Americas, the range of trade widened. Formerly, the items sought for were spices and cloth, later, gold and silver were added to the list. As the Commercial Revolution progressed, the position of Portugal and Spain declined. England, Holland and France came to dominate Europe and the world.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Expansion of banking<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0One of the important features of the Commercial Revolution was the growth of banking. Credit facilities were expanded, making it easy for merchants all over Europe to do business. The \u201ccheque\u201d was invented in the eighteenth century. Paper money came to replace gold and silver coins.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Growth of companies:<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0As trade and commerce expanded, new kinds of business organizations had to be devised to cope with this growth. \u201cRegulated companies\u201d arose in the 16th century. These were associations of merchants who bonded together to cooperate for a common venture. \u201cJoint-stock\u201d companies emerged in the 17th century. In this set-up, shares of capital were distributed to a large number of investors. Some of these were also \u201cchartered companies\u201d, their governments gave them a charter or a contract which guaranteed them a monopoly of the trade in a particular region. Examples of these companies include the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong><strong>Rise of a new class<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0As hinted at earlier in this section, one of the most distinctive characteristics of this period was the rise of the middle class to economic power. By the end of the 17th century, the middle class had become an influential group in nearly every western European country. It included merchants, bankers, ship-owners and investors. Their power, at this stage, was mainly economic. But later in the unit, we shall see how they became politically powerful in the 19th century.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Strengthening of monarchy<\/strong>: This period saw the strengthening of monarchy, The decline of the church and the rise of the middle class. It marked the beginning of the process of\u00a0<strong>\u201cEuropeanisation\u201d<\/strong>, which was to reach a peak with colonialism.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #800000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-25386\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2024-12-26-at-11.06.32-AM-113x150.jpeg\" alt=\"\ud835\udc08\ud835\udc00\ud835\udc12\ud835\udc12\ud835\udc24\ud835\udc28\ud835\udc28\ud835\udc25: https:\/\/iasskool.in\/ \ud835\udc13\ud835\udc2b\ud835\udc22\ud835\udc2e\ud835\udc26\ud835\udc29\ud835\udc21 \ud835\udc08\ud835\udc00\ud835\udc12: https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" width=\"785\" height=\"1042\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2024-12-26-at-11.06.32-AM-113x150.jpeg 113w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2024-12-26-at-11.06.32-AM-225x300.jpeg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px\" \/><br \/>\nThe Scientific Revolution and Modernity and Social Changes In Europe<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Europe produced a \u201cscientific revolution\u201d in the Renaissance period of fourteenth to sixteenth century A.D. The impact of the scientific revolution was crucial not just in changing material life, but also people\u2019s ideas about Nature and Society.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Science does not develop independent of society, rather, it develops in response to human needs e.g. various vaccines were not developed just out of the blue, but out of the necessity to cure diseases.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Apart from influencing the physical or material life of society, science is intimately connected with ideas.<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>The general intellectual atmosphere existing in society influences the development of science. Similarly, New developments in science can change the attitudes and beliefs in other areas as well.\u00a0<\/strong>It is important to keep this fact in mind.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The emergence of sociology in Europe owes a great deal to the ideas and discoveries contributed by science<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 id=\"science-in-the-medieval-period--the-renaissance-period\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #800080;\">Science in the Medieval Period &amp; The Renaissance period:<\/span><\/h4>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Medieval society<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>was characterized by the feudal system. The Church was the epicenter of power authority and learning. Learning was mostly of the religious variety. Nothing could challenge the \u2018dogmas\u2019 or rigid beliefs of the Church. New, daring ideas could not flower in such an atmosphere.\u00a0<strong>Thus the development of science was restricted mainly to improvements in techniques of production.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>The \u2018renaissance\u2019 period<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0<strong>saw the beginning of the \u2018Scientific Revolution\u2019. It marked an area of description and criticism in the field of science.\u00a0<strong>It was a clear break from the past, a challenge to old authority.<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Art, literature and science\u00a0<\/strong>all flourished. A scientific approach to Nature and the human body became prevalent. We can see this in the paintings of that period, which explored the smallest details of Nature and the human body.<strong>\u00a0In the field of Medicine<\/strong>, dissection the human body became acceptable. Doctors and physiologists directly observed how the human body was constructed.\u00a0<strong>The fields of anatomy, physiology and pathology\u00a0<\/strong>thus benefited greatly.<strong>\u00a0In the field of chemistry,\u00a0<\/strong>a general theory of chemistry was developed. Chemical processes like oxidation, reduction, distillation, amalgamation etc. were studied.\u00a0<strong>In the field of navigation<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>and astronomy,\u00a0<\/strong>Vasco da Gama reached the Indian shores in 1498, Columbus discovered America in 1492. Remember, this was the era of expansion of trade and the beginnings of colonialism. A strong interest in astronomy, important for successful navigation also grew.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The first major break from the entire system of ancient thought came with the work of the Dutchman, Nicholas Copernicus.\u00a0<\/strong>It was generally believed that the earth was fixed or stationary and the sun and other heavenly bodies moved around it. (This is known as a \u2018geocentric\u2019 theory.) Copernicus however thought otherwise. With the help of detailed explanations, he demonstrated that the earth moved around a fixed sun. (This is a \u2018heliocentric\u2019 theory.) The work of Copernicus is considered revolutionary because it drastically altered patterns of thought about the universe. Human being was not at the center of the universe, but a small part of a vast system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In a nutshell, science in the Renaissance period was marked by a new attitude towards man and nature. Natural objects became the subject of close observation and experiment. The Copernican revolution shattered the very foundations on which the old world rested.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Other Post-Renaissance Developments<\/strong>: The work of physicists and mathematicians like Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) and subsequently, Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) revolutionized science. It brought to the forefront\u00a0<strong>THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD.<\/strong>\u00a0Old ideas were challenged and alternatives were suggested. If these alternative ideas could be proved and repeatedly verified and checked out, they were accepted. If not, new solutions were sought.Scientific methods thus came to be regarded as the most accurate, the most objective. (The use of the \u2018scientific method\u2019 to study society was recommended by pioneer sociologists).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Dissection of the human body helped people gain a better understanding of its working.<\/strong>\u00a0Circulation of blood was discovered by William Harvey (1578-1657).\u00a0<strong>This led to a lot of rethinking.\u00a0<\/strong>The human organism came to be viewed in terms of interrelated parts and interconnected systems. This had its impact on social thought of Comte, Spencer, Durkheim, to name a few.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The British naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published the Origin of Species in 1859.<\/strong>\u00a0It was based on the observations made whilst traveling for five years all over the world. Darwin put forward the theory that various living organisms compete for the limited resources the earth has to offer. Thus \u201csurvival of the fittest\u201d is the natural law. Some species evolve or develop certain traits, which make their survival possible, other species die out. Darwin studied \u2018human evolution\u2019, tracing it in his work, Descent of Man (1863). He traced the origins of the human species to some ape-like ancestors, which, over the centuries, evolved into modern human beings.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>This book created an uproar. It was believed that \u2018God\u2019 made humans \u201cin his own image\u201d and conservatives were not willing to accept that they were descended from the monkey. Darwin\u2019s evolutionary theory did, however, gain wide acceptance. It was applied to the social world by evolutionary\u2019 thinkers, notably Herbert Spencer. Not just organisms, but societies were seen as constantly \u2018evolving\u2019 or developing from a lower to a higher stage.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #800000;\">The French Revolution and Modernity and Social Changes In Europe<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The French Revolution, which erupted in 1789 marked a turning point in the history of human struggle for freedom and equality. It put an end to the age of feudalism and ushered in a new order of society. This revolution brought about far reaching changes in not only French society but in societies throughout Europe. Even countries in other continents such as, India, were influenced by the ideas generated during this revolution. Ideas like liberty, fraternity and equality, which now form a part of the preamble to the Constitution of India, owe their origin to the French Revolution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Social Aspect of French Society:<\/strong>\u00a0Division into Feudal Estates: The French society was divided into feudal \u2018estates\u2019. The structure of the feudal French society comprised the \u2018Three Estates\u2019. Estates are defined as a system of stratification found in feudal European societies whereby one section or estate is distinguished from the other in terms of status, privileges and restrictions accorded to that estate.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The First Estate<\/strong>\u00a0consisted of the clergy, which was stratified into higher clergy, such as the cardinal, the archbishops, the bishops and the abbots. They lived a life of luxury and gave very little attention to religion. In fact, some of them preferred the life of politics to religion. They spent much of their time in wasteful activities like drinking, gambling, etc. In comparison to the higher clergy, the lower parish priests were over worked and poverty-stricken.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The Second Estate<\/strong>\u00a0consisted of the nobility. There were two kinds of nobles, the nobles of the sword and the nobles of the robe. The nobles of the sword were big landlords. They were the protectors of the people in principle but in reality they led a life of a parasite, living off the hard work of the peasants. They led the life of pomp and show and were nothing more than \u2018high born wastrels\u2019; that is, they spent extravagantly and did not work themselves. They can be compared to the erstwhile zamindars in India. The nobles of the robe were nobles not by birth by title. They were the magistrates and judges. Among these nobles, some were very progressive and liberal as they had moved in their positions from common citizens who belonged to the third estate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The Third Estate\u00a0<\/strong>comprised the rest of the society and included the peasants, the merchants, the artisans, and others. There was a vast difference between the condition of the peasants and that of the clergy and the nobility. The peasants worked day and night but were overloaded with so many taxes that they lived a hand to mouth existence. They produced the food on which the whole society depended. Yet they could barely survive due to failure of any kind of protection from the government. The King, in order to maintain the good will of the other two estates, the clergy and the nobility, continued to exploit the poor. The poor peasants had no power against him. While the clergy and the nobility kept on pampering and flattering the King.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">As compared to the peasants, the condition of the middle classes, also known as the bourgeoisie comparising the merchants, bankers, lawyers, manufacturers, etc. was much better. These classes too belonged to the third estate. But the poverty of the state, which led to a price rise during 1720-1789, instead of adversely affecting them, helped them. They derived profit from this rise and the fact that French trade had improved enormously also helped the commercial classes to a great extent. Thus, this class was rich and secure. But it had no social prestige as compared with the high prestige of the members of the first and the second estates. In spite of controlling trade, industries, banking etc. the bourgeoisie had no power to influence the court or administration. The other two estates looked them down upon and the King paid very little attention to them. Thus, gaining political power became a necessity for them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The clergy and the nobility both constituted only two per cent of the population but they owned about 35 percent of the land. The peasants who formed 80 per cent of the population owned only 30 per cent of the land. The first two estates paid almost no taxes to the government. The peasantry, on the other hand, was burdened with taxes of various kinds. It paid taxes to the Church, the feudal lord, taxed in the form of income tax, poll tax, and land tax to the state. Thus, the peasants had become much burdened and poverty stricken at this time. They were virtually carrying the burden of the first two estates on their shoulders. On top of it all the prices had generally risen by about 65 per cent during the period, 1720-1789.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>The political aspects of the French society:<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0Like in all absolute monarchies, the theory of the Divine Right of King was followed in France too. For about 200 years the Kings of the Bourbon dynasty ruled France. Under the rule of the King, the ordinary people had no personal rights. They only served the King and his nobles in various capacities. The King\u2019s word was law and no trials were required to arrest a person on the King\u2019s orders. Laws too were different in different regions giving rise to confusion and arbitrariness. There was no distinction between the income of the state and the income of the King.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>The economic aspects of the French society<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0The kings of France, from Louis XIV onwards, fought costly wars, which ruined the country, and when Louis XIV died in 1715, France had become bankrupt. Louis XV instead of recovering from this ruin kept on borrowing money from bankers. His famous sentence, \u201cAfter me the deluge\u201d describes the kind of financial crisis that France was facing. Louis XVI, a very weak and ineffective king, inherited the ruin of a bankrupt government. His wife, Queen Marie Antoinette, known for her expensive habits, is famous for her reply, which she gave to the poor, hungry people of France who came to her asking for bread. She told the people that, \u2018if you don\u2019t have bread, eat cake\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23476\" src=\"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Evolution-of-Modern-Sociological-Thought-1024x555.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Evolution-of-Modern-Sociological-Thought-1024x555.png 1024w, https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Evolution-of-Modern-Sociological-Thought-600x325.png 600w, https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Evolution-of-Modern-Sociological-Thought-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Evolution-of-Modern-Sociological-Thought-768x416.png 768w, https:\/\/lotusarise.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Evolution-of-Modern-Sociological-Thought.png 1099w\" alt=\"Evolution of Modern Sociological Thought\" width=\"1024\" height=\"555\" \/><\/span><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"intellectual-developments-in-france\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #993366;\">Intellectual developments in France:<\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">France, like some other European countries during the eighteenth century, had entered the age of reason and rationalism. Some of the major philosophers, whose ideas influenced the French people, were rationalists who believed that all true things could be proved by reason. Some of these thinkers were, Montesquieu (1689-1755), Locke (1632-1704), Voltaire (1694-1778), and Rousseau (1712-1778).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Montesquieu in his book, the spirit of the law<\/strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0held that there should not be concentration of authority, such as executive, legislative, and juridical, at one place. He believed in the theory of the separation of powers and the liberty of the individual.<strong>\u00a0<strong>Locke, an Englishman,<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0advocated that every individual has certain rights, which cannot be taken by any authority. These rights were<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Right to live,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Right to property, and<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The right to personal freedom.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">He also believed that any ruler who took away these rights from his people should be removed from the seat of power and replaced by another ruler who is able to protect these rights.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Voltaire, a French philosopher<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0advocated religious toleration and freedom of speech. He also stood for the rights of individuals, for freedom of speech and expression.\u00a0<strong>Rousseau wrote in his book,<\/strong>\u00a0The Social Contract, that the people of a country have the right to choose their sovereign. He believed that people can develop their personalities best only under a government which is of their own choice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The major ideas of these and several other intellectuals struck the imagination of the French people.\u00a0<\/strong>Also some of them who had served in the French army, which was sent to assist the Americans in their War of Independence from British imperialism, came back with the ideas of equality of individuals and their right to choose their own government. The French middle class was deeply affected by these ideas of liberty and equality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Major changes after French revolution<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0French Revolution changed the political structure of European society and replaced the age of feudalism by heralding the arrival of democracy. There were many significant themes, which arose due to the impact of this Revolution, which have been the focus of interest of the early sociologists. These significant themes included the transformation of property, the social disorder, caused by the change in the political structure and its impact on the economic structure. A new class of power holders emerged \u2013 the bourgeoisie. In order to understand more about these themes, we need to learn the details of the Industrial Revolution.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #800000;\">The Industrial Revolution and Modernity and Social Changes In Europe<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The Industrial Revolution began around 1760 A.D. in England. It brought about great changes in the social and economic life of the people first in England, then in the other countries of Europe and later in other continents. In Europe, especially England, the discovery of new territories, explorations, growth of trade and commerce and the consequent growth of towns brought about an increase in demand for goods. Earlier goods (i.e. consumer items like cloth, etc.) were produced at domestic levels. This means that there existed a domestic system of production. With increased demand, goods were to be produced on a large-scale.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">During Industrial Revolution, new tools and techniques were invented, which could produce goods on a largescale. During 1760-1830 A.D., a series of inventions in tools and techniques and organization of production took place and it gave rise to the factory system of production. Thus, a change in economy from feudal to capitalist system of production developed. Subsequently, there emerged a class of capitalists, which controlled the new system of production. Due to this revolution society moved from the old age of hand-made goods to the new age of machine- made goods. This shift heralded the emergence of Industrial Revolution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>One of the significant mechanical inventions<\/strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0which led to a quicker and better method of production in various industries, was the Spinning Jenny, invented in 1767 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. It was a simple machine rectangular in shape. It had a series of spindles, which cold be turned by a single wheel. In 1769, Arkwright, an English barber, invented another tool, which was named after the name of its inventor and called Arkwright\u2019s Water Fame. This Water Frame was so large that it could not be kept in one\u2019s home and a special building was required to set it up. Thus on account of this it is said that he was responsible for introducing the factory system. Another invention called \u201cthe Mule\u201d was by Samuel Crompton in 1779 in England. There were several other inventions, which all contributed to the industrial growth of European society.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>With the change in the economy of society several social changes followed.<\/strong>\u00a0As CAPITALISM became more and more complex,\u00a0<strong>The developments of banks, insurance<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>companies, and finance corporations took place. New class of industrial<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>workers, managers, capitalists emerged. The peasants in the new industrial<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>society found themselves with thousands of other people like themselves,<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>winding cotton in a textile mill.<\/strong>\u00a0Instead of the famous countryside they found themselves in unhygienic living conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>With the increase in production, population started increasing. Rise of population led to the increased rate of urbanisation. The industrial cities grew rapidly. In the industrial cities socio-economic disparities were very wide.<\/strong>\u00a0The factory workers were involved in repetitive and boring work, the result of which they could not enjoy. In Marxist terms the worker became alienated from the product of his\/ her labour. City life in the industrial society became an altogether a different way of life.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>These changes moved both conservative and radical thinkers.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The conservatives feared that such conditions would lead to chaos and disorder. The radicals like Engels felt that the factory workers would initiate social transformation. Though the judgement of values differed, social thinkers of the time were agreed upon the epoch-making impact of the Industrial Revolution. They also agreed upon\u00a0<strong>The importance of the new working class<\/strong>. The history of the period from 1811 to 1850 further indicates that this class increasingly agitated for their rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"has-theme-palette-5-color has-text-color\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The significant themes of the Industrial Revolution, which concerned the early sociologists, were as given below.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>The condition of labour<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0A new population earning their livelihood by working in the factories arose. In the early years this working class lived in poverty and squalor. They were socially deprived. At the same time they were indispensable in the new industrial system. This made them a powerful social force. Sociologists recognized that the poverty of this class of workers is not natural poverty but social poverty. Thus the working class became during the nineteenth century the subject of both moral and analytical concern.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>The transformation of property<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0The traditional emphasis on land lost its value while money or capital became important during the Industrial Revolution. The investment in new industrial system came to be recognised. The feudal landlords became less significant while the new capitalists gained power. Many of these new capitalists were the erstwhile landlords. Property was one of the central issues that were raised in the French Revolution too. Its influence on the social order is considerable. Property is related to economic privileges, social status and political power. A change in the property system involves a change in the fundamental character of society. Sociologists have grappled with the question of property and its impact on social stratification since the days of Marx, Tocqueville, Taine and Weber.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>The industrial city, i.e. urbanism:<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0Urbanization was a necessary corollary of the Industrial Revolution. Industries grew and along with it grew great cluster of populations, the modern towns and cities. Cities were present in ancient period too, such as Rome, Athens, etc. but the new cities, such as Manchester in England, famous for its textile, were different in nature. Ancient cities were known as repositories of civilised graces and virtues while the new cities were known as repositories of misery and inhumanity. It was these aspects of the new cities, which concerned the early sociologists.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Technology and the factory system:\u00a0<\/strong>Technology and the factory system has been the subject of countless writings in the nineteenth century. Both the conservative and radical thinkers realised that the two systems would alter human life for all times to come.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Rural \u2013urban migration:<\/strong>\u00a0The impact of technology and factory system led to large-scale migration of people to the cities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Family relations:<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0Women and children joined the work force in the factories. Family structure and interactional relations changed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><strong>Occupational relation:<\/strong><\/strong>\u00a0The siren of the factory seemed to rule peoples\u2019 life. The machine rather than man seemed to dominate work. As mentioned earlier the relation between the labourers and the products of their labour changed. They worked for their wages. The product was the child of everybody and of the machine in particular. The owner of the factory owned it. Life and work became depersonalised. Marx saw a form of enslavement in the machine and a manifestation of alienation of labour. Social scientists, felt that men and women had grown mechanical in heart, as well as in hand due to the industrial system of production.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 id=\"change-in-intelectual-orientation-in-europe\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #993366;\">Change In Intellectual Orientation In Europe<\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Sociology emerged as a response to the forces of change, which took place during eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe. The ideas, which are discussed again and again in early sociological writings, are thus essentially ideas of that period.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The thinkers of the Enlightenment of eighteenth century affected much of the early sociology. The Enlightenment appears as the most appropriate point of departure in the study of the origins of sociological theory, for various reasons including those mentioned below.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">A scientific approach to the study of society dates back to the tradition of Enlightenment. The eighteenth century thinkers began more consistently than any of their predecessors to study the human conditions in a scientific way using the methods of the natural sciences. They consciously applied scientific principles of analysis to the study of human beings and their nature and society.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The eighteenth century thinkers upheld reason as a measure to judge social institutions and their suitability for human nature. Human beings, according to them, are essentially rational and this rationality can lead them to freedom of thought and action.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The eighteenth century thinkers believed that human beings are capable of attaining perfection. By criticising and changing social institutions they can create for themselves even greater degrees of freedom, which, in turn would enable them increasingly to actualise the potentially creative powers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In the\u00a0<strong>early part of the nineteenth century\u00a0<\/strong>the\u00a0<strong>philosophy of history\u00a0<\/strong>became an important intellectual influence. The basic assumption of this philosophy was that society must have progressed through a series of steps from a simple to complex stage. We may briefly assess the contributions of the philosophy of history to sociology as having been, on the philosophical side, the notions of development and progress. On the scientific side, it has given the concepts of historical periods and social types. The social thinkers who developed the philosophy of history such as Abbe Saint Pierre, and Giambattista, were concerned with the whole of society and not merely the political, or the economic, or the cultural aspects. Later the contributions of Comte, Spencer, Marx and many others reflected the impact of the loss of this intellectual trend in their sociological writings.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The influence of the philosophy of history was further reinforced by the biological theory of evolution. Sociology moved towards an evolutionary approach, seeking to identify and account for the principal stages in social evolution. It tended to be modeled on biology, as is evident from the widely diffused conception of society as an organism, and from the attempts to formulate general terms of social evolution. Herbert Spencer and Durkheim are good example of this kind of writing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Social survey forms an important element in modern sociology. It emerged due to two reasons, one was the growing conviction that the methods of the natural sciences should and could be extended to the study of human affairs; that human phenomenon could be classified and measured. The other was the concern with poverty (\u2018the social problem\u2019), following the recognition that poverty was not natural but social. The social survey is one of the principal methods of sociological inquiry. The basic assumption, which underlines this method, is that through the knowledge of the social conditions one can arrive at solutions to solve the social problems prevalent in society.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>These extensive changes brought about by above mentioned factors involved, moreover, a major paradox.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">These changes brought a new society with great productive potential and more sophisticated and complex ways of living.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">While, at the same time generated extensive disruptions in traditional patterns of life and relationships as well as creating new problems of overcrowded and unpleasant urban conditions, poverty and unemployment. Sociology as a distinct discipline emerged against the background of these intellectual and material changes in the second half of the nineteenth century. In Other words to understand the complexity brought by modernity, and to formulate rules for better society early sociologists stressed the adoption of a scientific method of Investigation to the Society.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 id=\"early-european-sociologist\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #993366;\">Early European Sociologist:<\/span><\/h4>\n<h5 id=\"auguste-comte-1798--1857\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Auguste Comte [1798 \u2013 1857)<\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Auguste Comte, the\u00a0<strong>French Philosopher,<\/strong>\u00a0is traditionally considered the<strong>\u00a0\u201cFather of Sociology\u201d.\u00a0<\/strong>Comte who invented the term<strong>\u00a0\u201cSociology\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0was the first man to distinguish the subject-matter of sociology from all the other sciences. He worked out in a series of books, a general approach to the study of society. Comte is regarded as the\u00a0<strong>\u201cFather of sociology\u201d\u00a0<\/strong>not because of any significant contributions to the science as such, but because of\u00a0<strong>the great influence he had upon it.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte introduced the word\u00a0<strong>\u201csociology\u201d\u00a0<\/strong>for the first time in his famous work<strong>\u00a0\u201cPositive Philosophy\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0at about 1839. The term\u00a0<strong>\u201cSociology\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0is derived from the Latin word Socius, meaning companion or associate, and the Greek word logos, meaning study or science. Thus, the etymological meaning of sociology is the science of society. He defined sociology as the science of social phenomena<strong>\u00a0\u201csubject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object investigation.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte devoted his main efforts to an inquiry into the nature of human knowledge and tried to classify all knowledge and to analyse the methods of achieving it. He concentrated his efforts to determine the nature of human society and the laws and principles underlying its growth and development. He also<strong>\u00a0laboured to establish the methods to be employed in studying social phenomena.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte believed that the sciences follow one another in a definite and logical order and that all inquiry goes through certain stages (<strong>namely, the theological, the metaphysical and the \u2018positive or scientific or empirical)<\/strong>. Finally, they arrive at the last or scientific stage or as he called the positive stage. In the positive stage,<strong>\u00a0objective observation is substituted for speculation.\u00a0<\/strong>Social phenomena like physical phenomena, he maintained, can be studied objectively by making use of the positive method. He thought that it was time for inquiries into social problems and social phenomena to enter into this last stage. So, he recommended that the study of society be called\u00a0<strong>the science of society. i.e. \u2018sociology \u2018.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte proposed sociology to be studied in two main parts:<strong>\u00a0the social statics and the social dynamics.\u00a0<\/strong>These two concepts represent a basic division in the subject-matter of sociology. The<strong>\u00a0\u2018social statics\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>deals with the\u00a0<strong>major institutions of society such as family, economy or polity.\u00a0<\/strong>Sociology is conceived of as the study of interrelations between such institutions. In the words of Comte,\u00a0<strong>\u201cthe statistical study of sociology consists, the investigations of laws of action and reaction of different parts of the social system\u201d.<\/strong>\u00a0He argued that the parts of a society cannot be studied separately,\u00a0<strong>\u201cas if they had an independent existence\u201d.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u2018Social dynamic\u2019s<\/strong>\u00a0focuses on whole societies as the unit of analysis and reveals how they developed and changed through time.<strong>\u00a0\u201cWe must remember that the laws of social dynamics are most recognisable when they relate to the largest societies\u201d,\u00a0<\/strong>he said. Comte was convinced that all societies moved through certain fixed stages of development and that progressed towards ever increasing perfection. He felt that the comparative study of societies as\u00a0<strong>\u201cwholes\u201d\u00a0<\/strong>was major subject for sociological analysis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 id=\"contributions-of-comte-to-the-development-of-sociology-as-a-science\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Contributions of Comte to the Development of Sociology as a Science:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte gave to \u2018sociology\u2019 its name and laid its foundation so that it could develop into an independent and a separate science.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte\u2019s insistence on\u00a0<strong>\u2018positive approach, objectivity and scientific attitude\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>contributed to the progress of social sciences in general.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte, through his\u00a0<strong>\u201cLaw of Three Stages\u201d\u00a0<\/strong>clearly established the close association between \u2018<strong>intellectual evolution and social progress\u2019.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Comte\u2019s \u2018classification of sciences\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>drives home the fact that<strong>\u00a0\u2018sociology depends heavily on the achievements of other sciences\u2019<\/strong>. The \u2018interdisciplinary approach\u2019 of the modern times is in tune with the Cometian view.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte gave maximum\u00a0<strong>\u2018importance to the scientific method\u2019\u00b7\u00a0<\/strong>He criticized the attitude of the armchair social philosophers and stressed the need to follow the method of science.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte divided the study of sociology into two broad areas: \u2018social statics\u201d and\u00a0<strong>\u201csocial dynamics\u201d.\u00a0<\/strong>Present day sociologists have retained them in the form of\u00a0<strong>\u2018social structure and function\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>and<strong>\u00a0\u2018social change and progress\u2019.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte had argued that sociology was not just a<strong>\u00a0\u201cpure\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0science, but an<strong>\u00a0\u2018applied\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>science also. He believed that sociology should help to solve the problems of society. This insistence on the practical aspect of sociology led to the development of various applied fields of sociology such as<strong>\u00a0\u201csocial work<\/strong>\u201c,\u00a0<strong>\u201csocial welfare\u201d,\u00a0<\/strong>etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte also contributed to the\u00a0<strong>development of theoretical sociology.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte upheld the\u2019<strong>\u00a0moral order\u2019 i<\/strong>n the society. The importance which he: attached to morality highly impressed, the later writers such, as Arnold Toynbee and Pitrim A. Sorokin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Comte\u2019s famous books \u2018Positive Philosophy\u2019 and, \u201cPositive Polity\u201d are memorable contributions to the development of sociological literature.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 id=\"harriet-martineau-18021876\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Harriet Martineau (1802\u20131876):<\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Harriet Martineau grew up in England. In 1853, she translated Comte\u2019s six-volume Positive Philosophy into English and condensed it into two volumes, thus introducing sociology to England. Martineau made her own contribution to sociology with Society in America, one of the first and most thorough sociological treatises on American social life and one of the first to compare the system of social stratification in Europe to that in America. She took sociology from the realm of ideas to the arena of practice in How to Observe Manners and Morals, published in 1838 and one of the first books to focus on sociological research methods.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Although Martineau introduced sociology to England, it was Herbert Spencer\u2019s controversial application of sociology that gained attention and support from wealthy industrialists and government officials in England and throughout Europe.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 id=\"herbert-spencer-1820--1903\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Herbert Spencer [1820 \u2013 1903]<\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Observing the negative aspects of the Industrial Revolution in England\u2014the struggle, competition, and violence\u2014Herbert Spencer developed a theoretical approach to understanding society that relied on evolutionary doctrine.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">To explain both social structure and social changes, he used an organic analogy that compared society to a living organism made up of interdependent parts\u2014 ideas that ultimately contributed to the structural functionalist perspective in sociology. Using the phrase \u201csurvival of the fittest\u201d even before Charles Darwin\u2019s landmark On the Origin of Species ([1859] 1964) was published, Spencer\u2019s social Darwinism concluded that the evolution of society and the survival of those within it were directly linked to their ability to adapt to changing conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">According to Spencer, a free and competitive marketplace without governmental interference was essential so that the best and the brightest would succeed and, in turn, help build a stronger economy and society.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Spencer opposed welfare or any other means of helping the weak or the poor, believing that such efforts would weaken society in the long term by helping the \u201cunfit\u201d to survive. These ideas appealed to wealthy industrialists and government officials, who used Spencer\u2019s theory to scientifically support policies and practices that helped them maintain their wealth, power, and prestige at the expense of those less fortunate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">His three volumes of \u201cPrinciples of Sociology\u201d, published in 1877 were the<strong>\u00a0first systematic study devoted mainly to the sociological analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0He was much more precise than Comte in specifying the topics or special fields of sociology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">According to Spencer,\u00a0<strong>the fields of sociology are: the family, politics, religion, social control and industry or work.<\/strong>\u00a0He also mentioned the sociological study of as associations, communities, the division of labour, social differentiation, and stratification, the sociology of knowledge and of science, and the study of arts and aesthetics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Spencer stressed the obligation of sociology to deal with the inter-relations between the different elements of society, to give an account of\u00a0<strong>how the parts influence the whole and are in turn reacted upon.\u00a0<\/strong>He insisted that sociology should take the whole society as its unit for analysis. He maintained that the parts of society were not arranged unsystematically. The parts bore some constant relation and this made society as such a\u00a0<strong>meaningful \u2018entity\u2019<\/strong>, a fit subject for scientific inquiry.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 id=\"karl-marx-1818--1883\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">KARL MARX (1818 \u2013 1883)<\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Marx was trained in history, economics, and philosophy, but his ideas reflect sociological thinking. Observing the same social conditions as Spencer, he drew very different conclusions about their origins.<\/strong>\u00a0Marx declared that the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and other limited resources in society was not the result of \u201cnatural laws,\u201d but was caused by social forces\u2014specifically, the exploitation of one social class by another. He insisted that social structure and the political and economic institutions that people took for granted were not the result of natural evolution or social consensus but reflected the opposed interests of different social Classes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Marx believed that society consisted of two basic social classes:\u00a0<\/strong>the \u201chaves\u201d and the \u201chave-nots.\u201d According to Marx\u2019s viewpoint, the bourgeoisie (haves), the powerful ruling class, had assumed power not because they were the \u201cfittest,\u201d but because they owned and controlled the means of production. He believed the bourgeoisie used deception, fraud, and violence to usurp the production of the proletariat (have-nots), or working class, whose labor created most of society\u2019s goods\u2014and hence, its profits.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Marx was not a detached social observer but an outspoken social critic. He concluded that a slow, natural evolutionary process would not bring about necessary social changes.<\/strong>\u00a0Rather, his analysis called for a major social revolution in which the proletariat would rise up, forcibly overthrow the bourgeoisie, and form a new, classless society.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>In such a society, Marx wrote, everyone would contribute according to his or her abilities and receive from society based on need. Marx\u2019s focus on social conflict was unsettling to many\u2014especially those whom he described as the bourgeoisie<\/strong>. They were relieved when \u00c9mile Durkheim\u2019s more palatable social analysis emerged and shifted the focus of sociology back to a more conservative approach called functionalism.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 id=\"emile-durkheim18581917\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Emile Durkheim(1858-1917)<\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Unlike Marx, who focused on social conflict, French sociologist \u00c9mile Durkheim was primarily concerned with social order.<\/strong>\u00a0He believed that social solidarity, or the social bonds developed by individuals to their society, created social order. Durkheim believed that social solidarity could be categorized into two types:<strong>\u00a0mechanical solidarity,<\/strong>\u00a0the type found in simple rural societies based on tradition and unity, and\u00a0<strong>organic solidarity,<\/strong>\u00a0which was found in urban societies and was based more on a complex division of labor and formal organizations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>One of Durkheim\u2019s most important contributions to sociology was his study Suicide ([1897] 1951),\u00a0<\/strong>which demonstrated that abstract sociological theories can be applied to a very real social problem. More important, it showed that suicide, believed to be a private, individualized, and personal act, can best be explained from a sociological viewpoint.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>By looking at suicide rates instead of individual suicides, Durkheim linked suicide to social integration\u2014the extent to which individuals feel they are a meaningful part of society<\/strong>. Those with the strongest social bonds are less likely to commit suicide than those who are less meaningfully integrated and have weaker social bonds. For example, his data demonstrated that married people had lower suicide rates than those who were single or divorced; people in the workforce had lower rates than those who were unemployed; and church members had lower rates than non-members. Moreover, those religions that promote the strongest social bonds among their members (e.g., Catholicism and Judaism) had much lower suicide rates than less structured religions (e.g., Protestantism). Today, over a century later, these patterns in suicide, and others discerned by Durkheim\u2019s early study, still persist.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 id=\"max-weber-18641920\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Max Weber (1864-1920)<\/span><\/h5>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Max Weber, a contemporary of Durkheim, was concerned that many sociologists, especially his fellow German, Karl Marx, allowed their personal values to influence their theories and research.<\/strong>\u00a0Weber insisted that sociologists should be value-free\u2014analyzing what society is, rather than what they think it should be.Weber did not advocate a cold, impersonal approach to sociology, however; he argued that understanding the meaning of social interaction requires Verstehen, an empathetic and introspective analysis of the interaction. In other words, Weber believed that researchers should avoid their personal biases and put themselves in the place of those they study, to understand better how they experience the world and society\u2019s impact on them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>One of Weber\u2019s most important contributions to sociology was his concept of the ideal type, a conceptual model or typology constructed from the direct observation of a number of specific cases and representing the essential qualities found in those cases.<\/strong>\u00a0By ideal type, Weber was referring to a generalization based on many specific examples, not implying that something was necessarily desirable. For example, Weber used bureaucracy as an ideal type to analyze and explain the increasing rationalization and depersonalization that is part of formal organizations.Weber contended that to maximize efficiency, formal organizations, such as private businesses, educational institutions, and governmental agencies, had become and would continue to become increasingly bureaucratic. Although Weber contended that bureaucracy as an ideal type represented the most rational and efficient organizational strategy, he also warned of its depersonalizing and dehumanizing aspects<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 id=\"contributions-of-these-four-pioneers-of-sociology-in-common\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #993366;\">Contributions of These Four Pioneers of Sociology in Common<\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">These\u00a0<strong>\u201cfour founding father<\/strong>s\u201d \u2013<strong>\u00a0Comte, Spencer, Durkheim and Weber<\/strong>-it seems, agreed upon the proper subjectmatter of Sociology.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">All of them urged the<strong>\u00a0sociologists to study a wide range of institutions from the family to the state.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">They agreed that\u00a0<strong>a unique subject-matter for sociology is found in the interrelations among different institutions.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">They came to the common consensus on the opinion that\u00a0<strong>society as a whole can be taken as a distinctive unit of sociological analysis.<\/strong>\u00a0They assigned sociology the task of explaining wherein and why societies are alike or different.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">They insisted that sociology should focus on\u00a0<strong>\u2018social acts\u2019 or \u2018social relationships\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>regardless of their institutional setting. This view was most clearly expressed by Weber<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 id=\"story-of-spread-and-popularity-of-sociology-in-usa--other-societies\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Story_of_Spread_and_Popularity_of_Sociology_In_USA_Other_Societies\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #0000ff;\">Story of Spread and Popularity of Sociology (In USA &amp; Other Societies)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Although we have located the beginnings of Sociology in Western Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century,\u00a0<strong>its development and acceptance as an academic discipline was not a uniform process. The early classical works in Sociology of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were produced in France and Germany, with Emile Durkheim in France and Karl Marx and Max Weber in Germany as the outstanding figures.<\/strong>\u00a0The works of these \u2018classical\u2019 sociologists still occupy a position of profound importance in contemporary theoretical debates. Sociology developed markedly in the USA too, and received more wide spread acceptance there than in Britain. In many ways of USA till early in this century was ideal sociological material \u2013 a rapidly expanding and industrializing, cosmopolitan, immigrant-based society that was experiencing a wide range of social changes. Transplanted to U.S. soil, sociology first took root at the University of Kansas in 1890, at the University of Chicago in 1892, and at Atlanta University (then an all-black school) in 1897. From there, sociology spread rapidly throughout North America, jumping from four instructors offering courses in 1880 to 225 instructors and 59 sociology departments just 20 years later.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>The University of Chicago<\/strong>\u00a0initially dominated North American sociology. Albion Small (1854\u20131926), who founded this department, also launched the American Journal of Sociology and was its editor from 1895 to 1925.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">As in Europe, the onset of rapid industrialization and urbanization, and accompanying social problems, gave impetus to the development of sociology in the United States. American sociologists built on and expanded the theories and ideas of the European founders of sociology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Lester F. Ward (1841\u20131913)\u00a0<\/strong>Lester Ward is often considered the first systematic American sociologist. He attempted to synthesize the major theoretical ideas of Comte and Spencer and differentiated between what he called<strong>\u00a0pure sociology<\/strong>\u2014the study of society in an effort to understand and explain the natural laws that govern its evolution\u2014<strong>\u00a0and applied sociology,<\/strong>\u00a0which uses sociological principles, social ideals, and ethical considerations to improve society. The distinctions between these two areas of sociology are still made today.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Jane Addams:<\/strong>\u00a0Of the many early sociologists who combined the role of sociologist with that of social reformer, none was as successful as Jane Addams (1860\u20131935), who was a member of the American Sociological Society from its founding in 1895. Like Harriet Martineau, Addams, too, came from a background of wealth and privilege. She attended the Women\u2019s Medical College of Philadelphia, but dropped out because of illness (Addams 1910\/1981). On a trip to Europe, Addams saw the work being done to help London\u2019s poor. The memory wouldn\u2019t leave her, she said, and she decided to work for social justice. In 1889, Addams cofounded Hull-House with Ellen Gates Starr. Located in Chicago\u2019s notorious slums, Hull House was open to people who needed refuge\u2014to immigrants, the sick, the aged, the poor. Sociologists from the nearby University of Chicago were frequent visitors at Hull-House. With her piercing insights into the exploitation of workers and the adjustment of immigrants to city life, Addams strove to bridge the gap between the powerful and the powerless. She co-founded the American Civil Liberties Union and campaigned for the eight-hour work day and for laws against child labor. She wrote books on poverty, democracy, and peace. Adams\u2019 writings and efforts at social reform were so outstanding that in 1931, she was a co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace. She and Emily Greene Balch are the only sociologists to have won this coveted award.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Margaret Sanger (1883\u20131966):<\/strong>\u00a0Another notable social reformer, Margaret Sanger applied sociological theories to problems of population, health, and women\u2019s rights. After watching a poor working woman die from a self-induced abortion, she began publishing Woman Rebel, a journal aimed at raising the consciousness of working-class women. Her articles covered topics ranging from personal hygiene, venereal disease, and birth control to social revolution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>William E. B. Dubois (1868\u20131963):<\/strong>\u00a0E. B. Du Bois (1868\u20131963). After earning a bachelor\u2019s degree from Fisk University, Du Bois became the first African American to earn a doctorate at Harvard. He then studied at the University of Berlin, where he attended lectures by Max Weber. After teaching Greek and Latin at Wilberforce University, in 1897 Du Bois moved to Atlanta University to teach sociology and do research. He remained there for most of his career.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">It is difficult to grasp how racist society was at this time. As Du Bois passed a butcher shop in Georgia one day, he saw the fingers of a lynching victim displayed in the window. When Du Bois went to national meetings of the American Sociological Society, restaurants and hotels would not allow him to eat or room with the white sociologists. How times have changed. Today, sociologists would not only boycott such establishments, but also refuse to hold meetings in that state. At that time, however, racism, like sexism, prevailed throughout society, rendering it mostly invisible to white sociologists. Du Bois eventually became such an outspoken critic of racism that the U.S. State Department, fearing he would criticize the United States, refused to issue him a passport (Du Bois 1968).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Each year between 1896 and 1914, Du Bois published a book on relations between African Americans and whites. Not content to collect and interpret objective data, Du Bois, along with Jane Addams and others from Hull-House was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (Deegan 1988). Continuing to battle racism both as a sociologist and as a journalist, Du Bois eventually embraced revolutionary Marxism. At age 93, dismayed that so little improvement had been made in race relations, he moved to Ghana, where he is buried (Stark 1989).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In his writings, Du Bois pointed out that some successful African Americans were breaking their ties with other African Americans in order to win acceptance by whites. This, he said, weakened the African American community by depriving it of their influence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills:\u00a0<\/strong>Contrasting Views: Like Du Bois and Addams, many early North American sociologists saw society or parts of it, as corrupt and in need of reform. During the 1920s and 1930s, for example, Robert Park and Ernest Burgess (1921) not only studied crime, drug addiction, juvenile delinquency, and prostitution but also offered suggestions for how to alleviate these social problems. As the emphasis shifted from social reform to objective analyses, the abstract models of society developed by sociologist Talcott Parsons (1902\u20131979) influenced a generation of sociologists. These models of how the parts of society work together harmoniously did nothing to stimulate social activism. Another sociologist, C. Wright Mills (1916\u20131962), deplored such theoretical abstractions. Trying to push the pendulum the other way, he urged sociologists to get back to social reform. In his writings, he warned that the nation faced an imminent threat to freedom\u2014the coalescing of interests of a power elite, the top leaders of business, politics, and the military. The precedent-shaking 1960s and 1970s that followed Mills\u2019 death sparked interest in social activism among a new generation of sociologists.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">As an established discipline, however, Sociology is a relatively new arrival on the academic scene,<strong>\u00a0and the real expansion in its popularity has occurred in the postwar period.<\/strong>\u00a0We can point to some factors that have influenced this expansion.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>In the Post-war period there has developed a rather more critical awareness of how societies operate.<\/strong>\u00a0Very few people accept their societies unthinking. They see that alongside many technological and social advances that have been made so far, there still exist problem areas like over-population, poverty and crime.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Alongside this, there has developed an increasing\u00a0<strong>concern with social reform and the reordering of society,\u00a0<\/strong>accompanied by the belief that in order to make such reforms effective knowledge about society and its members is needed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">There has also developed\u00a0<strong>an increasing awareness of other societies and ways of life\u00a0<\/strong>because of better systems of communications in travel and the mass media.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Increasingly, it has been claimed that\u00a0<strong>people who work in government, industry, the social services etc ought to have some sort of specialist knowledge of society\u00a0<\/strong>on the grounds that they will be better equipped to meet the demands of their work.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Emergence of new nation states was accompanied with rapid modernization<\/strong>\u2013 Therefore there was\u00a0<strong>increasing awareness among these societies that they need to understand social life scientifically in order to ease the process of nation building. <\/strong>As a result, during and since the 1960\u2019s, sociology degree courses have increased considerably, Sociology has found its way into schools, sociologists have been increasingly recognized and consulted by various organizations, from national government downwards, in research programmes, policy, planning etc. and some sociologists have also found fame in the national media.<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<hr \/>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_End_of_the_Blog_Modernity_and_Social_Changes_in_Europe_and_Emergence_of_Sociology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The End of the Blog: Modernity and Social Changes in Europe and Emergence of Sociology<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20858\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/FAQ-150x75.png\" alt=\"Sociology optional coaching online , Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. 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Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"363\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/6-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/6-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/6.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20824\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/7-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"337\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/7-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/7-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/7.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20825\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/8-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"343\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/8-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/8-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/8.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20826\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/9-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"289\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/9-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/9-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/9.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 289px) 100vw, 289px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20827\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"498\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20828\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/11-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"418\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/11-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/11-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/11.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 418px) 100vw, 418px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20829\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/12-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"493\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/12-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/12-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/12.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20830\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/13-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"480\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/13-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/13-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/13.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20831\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/14-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"432\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/14-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/14-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/14.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20832\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/15-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"468\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/15-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/15-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/15.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/JMABLisy4zaJuGG79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20833\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/16-150x150.png\" alt=\"Discover effective strategies on how to prepare for sociology optional without coaching, including insights on the best coaching for sociology optional in Delhi. Explore options for sociology optional coaching, both online and offline. Learn how to do sociology optional without coaching and find the best sociology optional coaching institutes in Delhi and Chennai. Get answers on whether one can prepare sociology optional without coaching and access valuable information on sociology optional coaching for UPSC and UPPSC exams. Uncover the top-rated sociology optional coaching through Quora discussions and enhance your preparation for sociology optional with expert advice. \" width=\"625\" height=\"625\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/16-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/16-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/16.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions_by_UPSC_Sociology_Optional_Students\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Frequently Asked Questions by<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">UPSC Sociology Optional<\/span> Students<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>How to prepare for the Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Understand the syllabus thoroughly:<\/strong>\u00a0Familiarize yourself with the entire syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II.\u00a0Download the official UPSC syllabus and use it as your roadmap. You can attend <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/hXSsCjw_dn8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Sociology Orientation Lectures<\/strong><\/span> <\/a>by Vikash Ranjan sir\u00a0 on YouTube<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Build a strong foundation:<\/strong>\u00a0Start with introductory textbooks and NCERT books to grasp core sociological concepts. You can start with Introduction to Sociology books<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Choose reliable study materials:<\/strong>\u00a0Select high-quality textbooks,\u00a0reference books,\u00a0and online resources recommended by experts.\u00a0You can opt for Vikash Ranjan Sir Notes too.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Develop a study schedule:<\/strong>\u00a0Create a realistic and consistent study schedule that allocates dedicated time for each topic.\u00a0Stick to it and track your progress.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Take notes effectively:<\/strong>\u00a0Don&#8217;t just passively read.\u00a0Summarize key points,\u00a0create mind maps,\u00a0or use other note-taking techniques to aid understanding and revision.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Practice answer writing:<\/strong>\u00a0Regularly write answers to past year question papers and model questions.\u00a0Focus on clarity,\u00a0structure,\u00a0and critical thinking.\u00a0Evaluate your answers for improvement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Seek guidance:<\/strong>\u00a0You can take free Mentorship on Sociology Optional preparation by Vikash Ranjan sir.\u00a0Connect with Vikash Ranjan sir (7303615329) to share strategies,\u00a0ask questions,\u00a0and stay motivated. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> Can I prepare for Sociology Optional without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Absolutely! Many aspirants successfully clear the exam through self-study. However coaching can provide structure and guidance, for time bound preparation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> What are the benefits of preparing without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Cost-effective:<\/strong>\u00a0Coaching can be expensive,\u00a0and self-study allows you to manage your resources efficiently.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Flexibility:<\/strong>\u00a0You can tailor your study plan to your individual needs and pace.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Independence:<\/strong>\u00a0You develop critical thinking and research skills,\u00a0valuable assets for your career.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> What are the challenges of preparing without coaching?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Discipline and motivation:<\/strong>\u00a0You need self-discipline to stay on track and motivated without external guidance. Coaching and Teacher keeps you motivated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Access to resources:<\/strong>\u00a0You may need to do extra research to find quality study materials and answer-writing practice opportunities. Teacher help you on this respect.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Doubt clearing:<\/strong>\u00a0You might lack immediate access to someone to address your doubts and questions. Teacher like Vikash Ranjan sir is accessible to his students 24\u00d77 \u00a0\u00a0Mo- 7303615329<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong> What additional resources can help me?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Vikash Ranjan Sir&#8217;s YouTube channel and website:<\/strong>\u00a0Offers free Sociology lectures,\u00a0study materials,\u00a0and guidance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Triumph IAS website:<\/strong>\u00a0Provides past year question papers,\u00a0model answers,\u00a0and other helpful resources.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Public libraries and online databases:<\/strong>\u00a0Utilize these resources for access to relevant books,\u00a0journals, and academic articles.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sociology_Optional_Program_for_UPSC_CSE_2025_2026\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Sociology Optional Program for<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">UPSC CSE\u00a0 2025 &amp; 2026<\/span><\/a><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/forms\/d\/e\/1FAIpQLScsjvlChw79DhUUiOXyWS4NOFI4-KzTlcwkCMH8QECMkDiyCw\/viewform?embedded=true\" width=\"1080\" height=\"4510\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span>Loading\u2026<\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Follow us :<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/triumphias\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e\u00a0https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/triumphias<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/the-disproportionate-impact-of-climate-crisis2\/%F0%9F%94%8E%20www.triumphias.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e\u00a0www.triumphias.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/VikashRanjanSociology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/t.me\/VikashRanjanSociology<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When considering the array of 51 optional subjects for the\u00a0UPSC Mains Examination, Sociology consistently stands out as a top choice.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21043,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9351,1033,114,1032,1026,115,1027],"tags":[9250,9356,9251,10855,9355,9182,9658,9657],"class_list":["post-20940","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fundamentals-of-sociology-vikash-ranjan","category-best-optional-sociology","category-sociology-optional","category-sociology-mains-ias","category-sociology-optional-sociology-optional","category-sociology-optional-paper-i","category-sociology-upsc","tag-can-one-prepare-sociology-optional-without-coaching","tag-emergence-of-sociology","tag-how-to-do-sociology-optional-without-coaching","tag-modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe","tag-modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology","tag-sociology-optional-notes","tag-sociology-optional-notes-for-ias","tag-sociology-optional-notes-for-upsc"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20940","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20940"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20940\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25420,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20940\/revisions\/25420"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21043"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20940"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20940"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20940"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}