{"id":20079,"date":"2023-11-27T16:52:33","date_gmt":"2023-11-27T11:22:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=20079"},"modified":"2023-11-27T16:54:58","modified_gmt":"2023-11-27T11:24:58","slug":"various-theories-on-citizenship","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/various-theories-on-citizenship\/","title":{"rendered":"Various theories on citizenship | Sociology Optional for UPSC Civil Services Examination | Triumph IAS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/rk58J2Lc3xAHJn9Y8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-19494\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-10-25-at-11.43.48-AM-1-3-300x242.jpeg\" alt=\"Slums and Deprivation in Urban Areas\" width=\"810\" height=\"653\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-10-25-at-11.43.48-AM-1-3-300x242.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-10-25-at-11.43.48-AM-1-3-150x121.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-10-25-at-11.43.48-AM-1-3-768x620.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-10-25-at-11.43.48-AM-1-3.jpeg 989w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/various-theories-on-citizenship\/#Various_theories_on_citizenship\" title=\"Various theories on citizenship\">Various theories on citizenship<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/various-theories-on-citizenship\/#Relevant_for_Sociology_Optional_for_Civil_Service_Examination\" title=\"Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.\">Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/various-theories-on-citizenship\/#Various_theories_on_citizenship-2\" title=\"Various theories on\u00a0citizenship\">Various theories on\u00a0citizenship<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/various-theories-on-citizenship\/#Related_Blogs%E2%80%A6\" title=\"Related Blogs&#8230;\">Related Blogs&#8230;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/various-theories-on-citizenship\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions:\">Frequently Asked Questions:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/various-theories-on-citizenship\/#GS_Related_Practices_Questions%E2%80%A6\" title=\"GS Related Practices Questions&#8230;\u00a0\">GS Related Practices Questions&#8230;\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/various-theories-on-citizenship\/#Why_Vikash_Ranjans_Classes_for_Sociology\" title=\"Why Vikash Ranjan&#8217;s Classes for Sociology?\">Why Vikash Ranjan&#8217;s Classes for Sociology?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/various-theories-on-citizenship\/#Choose_The_Best_Sociology_Optional_Teacher_for_IAS_Preparation\" title=\"Choose The Best Sociology Optional Teacher for IAS Preparation?\">Choose The Best Sociology Optional Teacher for IAS Preparation?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/various-theories-on-citizenship\/#Find_More_Blogs%E2%80%A6\" title=\"Find More Blogs&#8230;\">Find More Blogs&#8230;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Various_theories_on_citizenship\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Various theories on citizenship<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relevant_for_Sociology_Optional_for_Civil_Service_Examination\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Relevance : Sociology Paper -1<br \/>\nUnit &#8211; Polity &amp; Society<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Various_theories_on_citizenship-2\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Various theories on\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">citizenship<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Liberal Theory: <\/strong><\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The liberal perspective posits <strong>that civil rights form the bedrock of citizenship, centering around the concept of individualism<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Citizenship<\/strong>, as per this theory, is a legal status that bestows specific rights upon individuals, safeguarding them from state interference.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">T<strong>. H. Marshall, in his seminal work &#8220;Citizenship and Social Class&#8221;<\/strong> published in 1950, charts the evolution of citizenship in Britain. <strong>Marshall identifies three elements of citizenship \u2013 civil, political, and social<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Although liberal citizenship ensures formal legal equality, substantive equality remains elusive, <strong><em>with critics pointing out persistent inequalities based on factors like caste, class, race, and gender.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20080 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Aristotle-quote-about-poverty-from-Politics-2a3642-150x79.jpg\" alt=\"Various theories on citizenship\" width=\"684\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Aristotle-quote-about-poverty-from-Politics-2a3642-150x79.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Aristotle-quote-about-poverty-from-Politics-2a3642-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Aristotle-quote-about-poverty-from-Politics-2a3642-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Aristotle-quote-about-poverty-from-Politics-2a3642-768x403.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Aristotle-quote-about-poverty-from-Politics-2a3642.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\" \/><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Republican Theory: <\/strong>The Republican tradition emphasizes civic self-rule achieved through citizen participation<strong>. Rousseau, in &#8220;The Social Contract,&#8221; contends that citizens attain freedom and laws gain legitimacy through the co-authoring of laws based on the general will<\/strong>.<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Active engagement in deliberation and policymaking<\/strong> is advocated by republicans, contrasting with liberals who rely on the protection of citizenship through law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>While liberals prefer representative democracy<\/strong>, republicans champion deliberative democracy. Republicans assert that <strong><em>citizenship should be viewed as a shared civic identity moulded by a common public culture<\/em><\/strong>. Civic identity, according to this perspective, can unite citizens as long as it surpasses other identities like religion and ethnicity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Despite these ideals<\/strong>, ensuring <strong><em>widespread citizen participation<\/em><\/strong> becomes challenging in the context of modern nation-states&#8217; scale and complexity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Libertarian Theory: <\/strong>The libertarian perspective traces its roots to the <strong><em>British Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher<\/em><\/strong> in 1979, prioritizing market rights over social rights.<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><em>Libertarians argue that individuals pursue their values and preferences <\/em><\/strong>through private activities rather than relying on public redistribution. Citizenship, in this view, emerges from free choices and contracts among individuals, with the market society serving as the foundation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><em>Robert Nozick<\/em><\/strong> is a prominent proponent of libertarian theory, emphasizing <strong><em>&#8220;entrepreneurial freedom&#8221;<\/em><\/strong> and the freedom to earn and own property.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><em>Critics argue that market-based individualism<\/em><\/strong> lacks a <strong>robust foundation for social solidarity.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Communitarian Theory: <\/strong><strong>Communitarians challenge liberals for neglecting the social nature of individuals and focusing excessively on individual rights<\/strong>. They argue that individuals exist within a community and stress the importance of duties and responsibilities towards the community.<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Unlike liberals who prioritize <strong><em>individual rights, communitarians highlight the significance of group rights<\/em><\/strong>. Critics argue that communitarian citizenship may only be suitable for small, homogeneous societies with shared traditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">The discussion extends to the <strong>intersection of <em>citizenship and multiculturalism,<\/em><\/strong> especially in the context of modern societies increasingly recognized as multicultural due to globalization.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Critics of the liberal understanding of citizenship, which centers on the individual, <strong><em>contend that specific contexts like culture, religion, ethnicity, and language <\/em><\/strong>should be the determining factors of citizenship.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Will Kymlicka, in his book &#8220;Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights,&#8221; argues for &#8220;collective rights&#8221; for minority cultures consistent with liberal democratic principles.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Marxist Theory<\/strong> : According to the Marxist perspective, <strong>citizenship rights are a byproduct of class conflict<\/strong>. The existence <strong>of economically weaker sections<\/strong> poses a <strong>challenge to achieving equality before the law,<\/strong> as these sections <strong><em>struggle to exercise their citizenship rights due to the dominance of economically powerful classes<\/em><\/strong>.<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Marxists believe that in a <strong>communist state, where the state is expected to wither away, the concept of citizenship itself is temporary<\/strong>. However, historical practices differ, with <strong>Lenin abolishing the terms &#8216;state&#8217; and &#8216;citizen,&#8217; and Stalin later restoring them in 1936, outlining rights and duties for individuals.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Anthony Giddens revisits the Marxist perspective<\/strong>, suggesting that modern democracy and citizenship began evolving in the 16th century as the state expanded its administrative power and engaged citizens in cooperative social relations. <strong>Giddens argues for the maintenance of citizenship rights within a liberal framework.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Pluralist Theory<\/strong>: The pluralist perspective views the development of citizenship as a <strong>multi-dimensional and complex process,<\/strong> attributing its evolution to a diverse set of factors. <strong>Citizenship, according to this theory, involves a reciprocal relationship between the individual and the community.<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Pluralist theory, articulated by David Held,<\/strong> insists on examining <strong>all forms of discrimination, including gender, race, religion, property, education, occupation, or age. <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>In the contemporary world<\/strong>, numerous social movements, such as <strong><em>feminist, black, religious reform, workers&#8217;, children&#8217;s rights, dalit, adivasi, and ecological movements<\/em><\/strong>, address various forms of social discrimination. <strong>Pluralist theory recommends analyzing the issue of citizenship within the context of these movements.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Feminist Perspective<\/strong>: Feminists argue that women worldwide are <strong>treated as second-class citizens <\/strong>due <strong>to male dominance across civil, political, cultural, economic, and social spheres.<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Women&#8217;s lower levels of political participation and representation underscore this inequality<\/strong>. Feminists challenge the distinction between <strong>public (political participation) and private (domestic) spheres,<\/strong> asserting <strong>that it perpetuates male dominance<\/strong> at the <strong>expense of women&#8217;s rights.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">In the 1970s, the <strong>women&#8217;s movement slogan &#8220;The Personal is Political&#8221;<\/strong> emphasized the interconnectedness of personal and political spheres. J<strong>.S. Mill&#8217;s call for an egalitarian family is endorsed by liberals aiming for constitutional reforms to address gender-based inequalities, known as civic feminism.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Socialist feminists advocate for expanded areas like free birth control, abortion, health facilities, and state recognition of domestic labor.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Radical feminists push for women&#8217;s entry into the public sphere for active citizenship.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Gandhi\u2019s Views:<\/strong> <strong>Gandhi&#8217;s views on citizenship centre on the notions of common good and active citizenship.<\/strong> He <strong>challenges the centralized power of the state<\/strong>, advocating for a <strong>decentralized state<\/strong> based on the principles of <strong>dharma<\/strong> (moral law and duty), <strong>ahimsa <\/strong>(non-violence in thought and deed), and <strong>satya <\/strong>(truth and sincerity).<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Gandhi places great <strong>trust in the individual&#8217;s resistance<\/strong> <strong>against state coercion and envisions an ideal non-violent state<\/strong> that is <strong>self-governing, self-sufficient,<\/strong> and <strong>upholds majority rule<\/strong> with respect for minority rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Gandhi emphasizes the indivisibility of freedom and envisions citizens of the world<\/strong>, encouraging individuals to think locally and act globally, acknowledging that every <strong>global struggle is a personal one.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 14px;\"><em><strong><i><b>Reference: Static\u00a0Portion<\/b><\/i><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/p9IYaTuS3sA?si=CiiRvqWVd_sdZNlm\" width=\"750\" height=\"421\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_Blogs%E2%80%A6\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Related Blogs&#8230;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/factors-influencing-migration-and-population-movements\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-19223\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/2-300x211.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"387\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/2-300x211.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/2-150x106.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/2-768x540.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/2.jpeg 880w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/ethnicity-and-navigating-conflicts-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-19222\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/1-13-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"371\" height=\"278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/1-13-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/1-13-150x113.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/1-13-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/1-13.jpg 880w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 371px) 100vw, 371px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions:<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>1. Question: Define the term &#8220;ethnic movement&#8221; and provide an example from India.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India&#8217;s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas&#8217; and Mizos&#8217; struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>Answer:<\/strong> One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"GS_Related_Practices_Questions%E2%80%A6\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #800000; font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>GS Related Practices Questions&#8230;\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XKn1NOUcj1o\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OM6Ca_jWD5I\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">To master these intricacies and fare well in the <strong>Sociology Optional Syllabus<\/strong>, aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Teacher<\/strong> and participation in the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Coaching<\/strong>. These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of sociology&#8217;s diverse methodologies and techniques.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><strong>META TAGS:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Ethnic Movements, ethnic movements in india, ethnic movement in sociology, Punjab Movement, North-East Ethnic Movements, Gorkhaland Movement, Dravidian Movement, Assam Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, Sociopolitical Impact, India, Ethnic Consciousness, Ethnic Rights, Political Crisis, Economic Development, Cultural Disparities, Khalistan Movement, Nagaland, Mizoram, Multiculturalism, Political Economy, Identity Formation, Social Hierarchies, Bodo Tribals, Bengali Muslim Settlers, Anti-Sikh Riots, Operation Blue Star, Unequal Development, Ethnic Violence, Political Mobilization<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15262\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/7-2-300x50.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"822\" height=\"137\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/7-2-300x50.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/7-2-1024x171.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/7-2-150x25.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/7-2-768x128.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/7-2-1536x256.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/7-2-2048x341.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 822px) 100vw, 822px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Vikash_Ranjans_Classes_for_Sociology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; color: #ff0000;\">Why Vikash Ranjan&#8217;s Classes for Sociology?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Proper guidance and assistance are required to learn the skill of interlinking current happenings with the conventional topics. <strong>VIKASH RANJAN SIR <\/strong>at <strong>TRIUMPH IAS<\/strong> guides students according to the Recent Trends of UPSC, making him the <strong>Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong> for <strong>Sociology Optional UPSC.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">At Triumph IAS, the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Coaching<\/strong> platform, we not only provide the best study material and applied classes for <strong>Sociology for IAS<\/strong> but also conduct regular assignments and class tests to assess candidates&#8217; writing skills and understanding of the subject.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Choose_The_Best_Sociology_Optional_Teacher_for_IAS_Preparation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px;\">Choose <a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>T<strong>he Best Sociology Optional Teacher <\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/a>for IAS Preparation?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 20px;\">At the beginning of the journey for<strong> Civil Services Examination <\/strong>preparation, many students face a pivotal decision \u2013 selecting their optional subject. Questions such as &#8220;<strong><em>which optional subject is the best?<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; and &#8220;<strong><em>which optional subject is the most scoring?<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; frequently come to mind. Choosing the right optional subject, like choosing the <strong><em>best sociology optional teacher<\/em><\/strong>, is a subjective yet vital step that requires a thoughtful decision based on facts. A misstep in this crucial decision can indeed prove disastrous.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 20px;\">Ever since the exam pattern was revamped in 2013, the UPSC has eliminated the need for a second optional subject. Now, candidates have to choose only one <strong>optional subject for the UPSC Mains<\/strong>, which has two papers of 250 marks each. One of the compelling choices for many has been the sociology optional. However, it&#8217;s strongly advised to decide on your optional subject for mains well ahead of time to get sufficient time to complete the syllabus. After all, most students score similarly in General Studies Papers; it&#8217;s the score in the optional subject &amp; essay that contributes significantly to the final selection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 20px;\"><strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 36px;\">\u201c<\/span>A sound strategy does not rely solely on the popular<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 20px;\"><strong><em>Opinion of toppers or famous YouTubers cum teachers.<span style=\"font-size: 36px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 20px;\">It requires understanding one&#8217;s ability, interest, and the relevance of the subject, not just for the exam but also for life in general. Hence, when selecting the best sociology teacher, one must consider the usefulness of <strong><em>sociology optional coaching<\/em><\/strong> in <strong>General Studies, Essay, and Personality Test.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 20px;\">The choice of the optional subject should be based on objective criteria, such as the nature, scope, and size of the syllabus, uniformity and stability in the question pattern, relevance of the syllabic content in daily life in society, and the availability of study material and guidance. For example, choosing the <strong><em>best sociology optional coaching<\/em><\/strong> can ensure access to top-quality study materials and experienced teachers. Always remember, the approach of the UPSC optional subject differs from your academic studies of subjects. Therefore, before settling for <strong><em>sociology optional<\/em><\/strong>, you need to analyze the syllabus, previous years&#8217; pattern, subject requirements (be it ideal, visionary, numerical, conceptual theoretical), and your comfort level with the subject.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif; font-size: 20px;\">This decision marks a critical point in your <strong><em>UPSC &#8211; CSE journey<\/em><\/strong>, potentially determining your success in a career in IAS\/Civil Services. Therefore, it&#8217;s crucial to choose wisely, whether it&#8217;s the optional subject or the <strong><em>best sociology optional teacher<\/em><\/strong>. Always base your decision on accurate facts, and never let your emotional biases guide your choices. After all, the search for the <strong><em>best sociology optional coaching<\/em><\/strong> is about finding the perfect fit for your unique academic needs and aspirations.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kt3VeKYqoSs?t=54s\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><sup><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dL85EHfcitw?t=17s\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tJcm9G2RwVE\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YXsRAVmvsCE?t=1s\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">To master these intricacies and fare well in the <strong>Sociology Optional Syllabus<\/strong>, aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Teacher<\/strong> and participation in the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Coaching<\/strong>. These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of <strong>sociology&#8217;s<\/strong> diverse methodologies and techniques. <strong>Sociology, Social theory, Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus.<br \/>\nBest Sociology Optional Teacher, Sociology Syllabus, Sociology Optional, Sociology Optional Coaching, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Best Sociology Teacher, Sociology Course, Sociology Teacher, Sociology Foundation, Sociology Foundation Course, Sociology Optional UPSC, Sociology for IAS,<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/p9IYaTuS3sA?si=CiiRvqWVd_sdZNlm\" width=\"750\" height=\"421\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Follow us :<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/triumphias\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/triumphias<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><a href=\"\ud83d\udd0e www.triumphias.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e www.triumphias.com<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0ehttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/VikashRanjanSociology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/t.me\/VikashRanjanSociology<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Find_More_Blogs%E2%80%A6\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #808000; font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">Find More Blogs&#8230;<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/compare-and-contrast-karl-marxs-and-max-webers-analysis-of-the-modern-phenomena-of-capitalism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Compare and contrast Karl Marx\u2019s and Max weber\u2019s<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/karl-marx-historical-materialism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karl Marx- Historical Materialism<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/talcott-parsons-social-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Talcott Parsons : Social system<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/scope-of-the-subject-and-comparison-with-other-social-sciences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>KEYWORD:Various theories on citizenship,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,Various theories on citizenship ,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Various theories on citizenship Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination. Relevance : Sociology Paper -1 Unit &#8211; Polity<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20081,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1044,18,73,7,42,15,844,1038,223,1,1042],"tags":[842,9155,540,9157,9160,9161,967,9158,9156,9159],"class_list":["post-20079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","category-general-studies-ii","category-general-studies-iv","category-general-studies-i","category-general-studies-iii-technology-economic-development-bio-diversity-environment-security-and-disaster-management","category-geography","category-gs","category-gs-mains","category-gs-revision-series","category-miscellaneous","category-polity","tag-applied-sociology","tag-slums-and-deprivation-in-urban-areas","tag-sociology","tag-sociology-classes-online","tag-sociology-triumph-ias","tag-triumph-ias-sociology","tag-upsc-sociology","tag-upsc-sociology-classes-online","tag-vikash-ranjan-sociology","tag-vikash-sir-sociology"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20079","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20079"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20079\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20083,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20079\/revisions\/20083"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20081"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20079"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20079"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20079"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}