{"id":15201,"date":"2023-07-22T18:14:22","date_gmt":"2023-07-22T12:44:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=15201"},"modified":"2023-07-26T15:35:50","modified_gmt":"2023-07-26T10:05:50","slug":"methodology-in-sociology-optional-for-upsc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/methodology-in-sociology-optional-for-upsc\/","title":{"rendered":"Methodology In Sociology | Sociology Optional for UPSC Civil Services Examination | Triumph IAS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/methodology-in-sociology-optional-for-upsc\/#METHODOLOGY_IN_SOCIOLOGY\" title=\"METHODOLOGY IN SOCIOLOGY\">METHODOLOGY IN SOCIOLOGY<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/methodology-in-sociology-optional-for-upsc\/#Introduction_to_Methodology_in_Sociology\" title=\"Introduction to Methodology in Sociology\">Introduction to Methodology in Sociology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/methodology-in-sociology-optional-for-upsc\/#In_broad_terms_sociology_has_two_main_traditions\" title=\"In broad terms, sociology has two main traditions:\">In broad terms, sociology has two main traditions:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link 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title=\"Explore Sociology Optional Syllabus\">Explore Sociology Optional Syllabus<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/methodology-in-sociology-optional-for-upsc\/#Why_Vikash_Ranjans_Classes_for_Sociology\" title=\"Why Vikash Ranjan&#8217;s Classes for Sociology?\">Why Vikash Ranjan&#8217;s Classes for Sociology?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/methodology-in-sociology-optional-for-upsc\/#Choose_The_Best_Sociology_Optional_Teacher_for_IAS_Preparation\" title=\"Choose The Best Sociology Optional Teacher for IAS Preparation?\">Choose The Best Sociology Optional Teacher for IAS Preparation?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/methodology-in-sociology-optional-for-upsc\/#Find_More_Blogs\" title=\"Find More Blogs\">Find More Blogs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"METHODOLOGY_IN_SOCIOLOGY\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 48px;\">METHODOLOGY IN SOCIOLOGY<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif;\"><em>(Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Services Examination)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15208\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-2-300x50.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"810\" height=\"135\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-2-300x50.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-2-1024x171.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-2-150x25.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-2-768x128.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-2-1536x256.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-2-2048x341.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction_to_Methodology_in_Sociology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 32px; color: #333399; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Introduction to Methodology in Sociology<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Every scholarly field necessitates a methodical approach to draw conclusions:<\/strong> it must have procedures for generating and scrutinizing data, enabling theories to be evaluated, accepted, or rejected. Without a structured approach to knowledge creation, a subject&#8217;s discoveries can be dismissed as speculation, or as common sense cloaked in complexity. Methodology focuses both on the specific research techniques for data collection, and the overarching philosophies that guide data collection and analysis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Methodology in Sociology is not an exception to this overarching principle.<\/strong> One of the significant disputes revolves around whether sociology should utilize the same methods as, or similar methods to, those used in science.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Sociology was born in 19th-century Europe, coinciding with industrialization leading to substantial societal shifts.<\/strong> As societal changes took place, there was an intellectual evolution during which science gained a heightened stature. As science seemed capable of yielding objective knowledge that could resolve human issues and enhance human productivity in unprecedented ways, many pioneering sociologists naturally turned to science for a methodological foundation for their discipline.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>However, not every sociologist agrees that appropriating the Methodology in Sociology of natural sciences is appropriate.<\/strong> For these sociologists, the examination of human behavior differs fundamentally from investigating the natural world. People possess consciousness, which means that, from some sociologists&#8217; perspectives, sociology necessitates a methodology distinct from science.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_broad_terms_sociology_has_two_main_traditions\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>In broad terms, sociology has two main traditions:<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em>Advocates for the use of scientific and generally quantitative methods (statistical numerical methods).<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em>Proponents for more humanistic and qualitative methods.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">However, it was never a given that all sociologists fell neatly into these categories. Moreover, there are not only divisions between these two camps but also within them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">In recent times, some sociologists have questioned the necessity for a rigid separation between quantitative and qualitative methodologies, proposing a blend of the two. Other sociologists have endorsed methods associated with critical social science or postmodernism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Critical social science often leans towards more qualitative methods but isn&#8217;t exclusively connected to such methods.<\/strong> The hallmark of critical social science is that it intertwines research with societal transformation efforts. It opposes the view of many sociologists \u2014 including many advocates of the two approaches mentioned above \u2014 that researchers should maintain neutrality. Instead, it allies with perceived disadvantaged and oppressed societal groups, striving to develop any methods that may help liberate these groups from their oppression.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Feminists, who are among the most impactful critical social scientists, have posited that distinct feminist methodologies should be adopted.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Postmodernists, who have recently developed their methodological approaches, tend to reject the notion that researchers can uncover some objective truth about the social world. They believe that the best researchers can do is scrutinize the social world from the perspective of its different participants, and deconstruct or dismantle existing societal explanations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">They dismiss traditional quantitative, qualitative, and critical researchers&#8217; claims that it&#8217;s possible to determine societal truth. Regardless of the method utilized, researchers will be left with numerous different narratives of the social world, with no particular narrative standing out as superior.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Critical social science and postmodernism will be discussed in more detail later in the chapter, but first, the contrast between quantitative and qualitative approaches will be explored in more depth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Quantitative Methodology in Sociology Rooted in Science<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">As hinted in the introduction, certain sociologists have made an attempt to emulate the methods utilized by natural sciences. This invariably leads them to advocate for the application of quantitative methodologies. The earliest known use of such methods in the field of sociology is known as positivism.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15209\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-3-300x50.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"810\" height=\"135\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-3-300x50.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-3-1024x171.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-3-150x25.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-3-768x128.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-3-1536x256.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-3-2048x341.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Positivism_Durkheim_and_the_Rise_of_Sociology\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #333399; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Positivism, Durkheim and the Rise of Sociology<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15214 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/4-1-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/4-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/4-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/4-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/4-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/4-1.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Auguste Comte (1798-1857)<\/strong><\/em>, a French author, was the first person to use the term &#8216;sociology&#8217;, and he also introduced the concept of &#8216;positive philosophy&#8217; (Comte, 1986, initially published in the 1840s). Comte proposed a scientific hierarchy, placing sociology at its apex. He was certain that scientific understanding of society could be cultivated and used to advance human life, thereby facilitating a rationally governed society free from the influences of religion or superstition.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15215 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-1-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5-1.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)<\/strong><\/em> championed a Methodology in Sociology akin to that of Comte and is broadly considered a positivist. His seminal work, Suicide (1970, initially published 1897), is often cited as an exemplar of positivist research as it adheres to many methodological tenets of positivism. Certain facets of Durkheim&#8217;s work will be used to elucidate the positivist approach. Nevertheless, Durkheim was not a strict positivist. As we will see in the following discussion, he did not wholly abide by the positivist principle of restricting sociological study to observable or directly measurable phenomena.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Social facts<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">As a positivist, Comte held the belief that scientific study of society should be limited to gathering data on phenomena that can be objectively observed and classified. He argued that sociologists should not concern themselves with the internal thoughts, intentions, feelings, and emotions of individuals. As these mental states exist solely within the individual&#8217;s consciousness, they cannot be observed and hence cannot be objectively measured.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Durkheim concurred that sociologists should limit their studies to social facts. He contended that &#8216;The first and most fundamental rule is: Consider social facts as things&#8217; (Durkheim, 1938, initially published 1895). This implies that societal belief systems, customs, and institutions \u2013 the facts of the social world \u2013 should be treated as things, just like the objects and events of the natural world.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">However, Durkheim did not confine social facts to only those things that can be directly observed or measured. In Durkheim&#8217;s view, social facts encompassed phenomena such as societal belief systems, customs, and institutions. While belief systems are not directly measurable or observable as they exist within human consciousness, Durkheim saw them as existing beyond individual consciousness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">They were not the product of individual choices and could not be modified at will. Social facts, such as the customs of a particular profession, were external to each individual and influenced their behavior. In other words, each person&#8217;s choices were constrained by existing customs and practices.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">According to Durkheim, society is more than just a collection of individuals each acting independently according to their psychology or mental state. Rather, societal members are guided by collective beliefs, values, and laws &#8211; social facts that possess their own existence. As such, social facts drive individuals to act in certain ways. Durkheim&#8217;s definition and utilization of the term &#8216;social facts&#8217; distinguish him from positivists like Comte, despite his adoption of many aspects of positivism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>2. Statistical data<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">The second characteristic of positivism pertains to its use of statistical data. Positivists believe that the social world can be objectively classified. Using these classifications, they can count sets of observable social facts and thereby produce statistics. For instance, Durkheim (1970) gathered data on social facts like suicide rates and religious affiliations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>3. Correlation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">The third step in positivist Methodology in Sociology involves seeking correlations between different social facts. A correlation represents a tendency for two or more things to occur together, possibly indicating the strength of the relationship between them. In his suicide study, Durkheim identified a potential correlation between a specific religion, Protestantism, and a high suicide rate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>4. Causation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">The fourth phase of positivist Methodology in Sociology involves searching for causal relationships. If a strong correlation between two or more types of social phenomena is observed, a positivist sociologist might infer that one of these phenomena is causing the other to occur. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15216\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-4-300x100.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"810\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-4-300x100.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-4-1024x341.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-4-150x50.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-4-768x256.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-4-1536x511.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/1-4-2048x682.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">However, this may not necessarily be the case, and careful analysis of the data is required before drawing such a conclusion. The correlation between social clas<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 1.125rem;\">s and <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 1.125rem;\">criminality can be used as an example. A number of sociologists have observed a correlation <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; text-align: justify; font-size: 1.125rem;\">between being a member of the working class and a higher likelihood of being con<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 1.125rem; text-align: justify;\">victed of a crime. This observation has led some (for example, Robert Merton (1968)) to suggest that being working-class may be a factor leading to criminal activity.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15210\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-1-300x50.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"804\" height=\"134\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-1-300x50.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-1-1024x171.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-1-150x25.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-1-768x128.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-1-1536x256.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/3-1-2048x341.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\" \/><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Multivariate_Analysis\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #333399; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Multivariate Analysis<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">To tackle the problem of spurious correlation, Durkheim introduced a technique called multivariate analysis. This approach involves isolating the effect of a specific independent variable on the dependent variables. The dependent variable is the outcome (in the above example, Positivism then, believes that by using the scientific method, sociologists can uncover the laws of human behavior.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Once these laws are uncovered, society can be improved. This approach has its roots in the work of early sociologists like Comte and Durkheim. Comte was the first to coin the term sociology and advocated the use of the scientific method in studying society. Durkheim, though not strictly a positivist, followed many of Comte&#8217;s principles and is often considered a positivist sociologist. Durkheim&#8217;s seminal work, &#8220;Suicide&#8221;, is seen as a model of positivist research.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">The scientific method, as employed by positivist sociologists, begins with the gathering of observable and measurable data. For Comte, the focus should solely be on phenomena that can be objectively observed and classified, discounting internal states of individuals such as emotions and motives. Durkheim agreed with the study of social facts but broadened the scope to include phenomena like belief systems and societal customs, which can&#8217;t be directly observed or measured but exist beyond individual consciousness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Statistical data forms an integral part of positivist <strong>Methodology in Sociology.<\/strong> It involves classifying the social world objectively and counting sets of observable social facts to generate statistics. For instance, Durkheim used this method to collect data on social facts like the suicide rate and religious affiliations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">The next stage is to look for correlations between different social facts. In Durkheim&#8217;s study of suicide, he found a correlation between Protestantism and a high suicide rate. However, correlation does not imply causation, which is the next stage of the positivist Methodology in Sociology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Positivist sociologists seek to establish causal connections between social phenomena. For instance, if a strong correlation is found between being working-class and a higher chance of crime conviction, a positivist might suspect that one is causing the other. However, it&#8217;s important to examine data carefully before drawing such conclusions. There could be other factors at play, like social mobility due to criminal records or police discrimination against certain classes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Durkheim used multivariate analysis to deal with such complexities. This technique helps to isolate the impact of a particular independent variable on the dependent variables. With computers and advanced statistical techniques, researchers can analyze the importance of different variables.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Positivists aim to establish laws of human behavior. If causal connections are repeatedly verified in different contexts, they are confident they&#8217;ve discovered a behavior law. Comte and Durkheim believed real laws of human behavior could be discovered. For example, Durkheim claimed that the suicide rate always rose during economic highs and lows, while Comte proposed a law stating that societies progress through three stages of theological, metaphysical, and positive.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">For positivists and Durkheim, these laws can be discovered by collecting objective facts about the social world statistically, analyzing them, and repeatedly checking the findings in various contexts. They argue that humans respond predictably and consistently to stimuli in the environment, often unaware of the factors shaping their actions, which can be discovered by studying statistical patterns.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">This positivist approach assumes a predominantly inductive methodology, starting with data collection, followed by analysis and theory development. The theory is then tested against other data sets for confirmation. If consistently confirmed, they believe they have discovered a law of human behavior.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Next_Topic\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 32px; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Next Topic\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-interpretive-and-qualitative\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15251\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-59-300x241.jpg\" alt=\"Symbolic interaction, meaningful symbols, social interaction, human behavior, language, dramaturgical analysis, labeling approach, sociological theories, critical analysis.\" width=\"392\" height=\"315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-59-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-59-1024x824.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-59-150x121.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-59-768x618.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-59-1536x1236.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-59-2048x1648.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15198\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-56-300x241.jpg\" alt=\"Unraveling the Marxism Perspective on Social Stratification, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus\" width=\"392\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-56-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-56-1024x824.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-56-150x121.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-56-768x618.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-56-1536x1236.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Add-a-heading-56-2048x1648.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15217\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/end-300x50.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"804\" height=\"134\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/end-300x50.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/end-1024x171.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/end-150x25.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/end-768x128.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/end-1536x256.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/end-2048x341.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino, serif;\">To master these intricacies and fare well in the Sociology Optional Syllabus, aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the Best Sociology Optional Teacher and participation in the Best Sociology Optional Coaching. These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of sociology&#8217;s diverse methodologies and techniques.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>META TAGS:\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; color: #000000;\"><strong>Methodology in Sociology, Multivariate analysis, Introduction to Methodology , Positivism, Durkheim and the Rise of Sociology, Marxism, Social Stratification, Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, Class Consciousness, Class Solidarity, Class Conflict, Means of Production, Economic Power, Political Power, Social Classes, Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus. Methodology in Sociology, Methodology in Sociology, Methodology in Sociology, Methodology in Sociology, Methodology in Sociology, Methodology in Sociology<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Explore_Sociology_Optional_Syllabus\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 48px; color: #ff0000;\">Explore Sociology Optional Syllabus<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Paper-1<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong><em>Sociology &#8211; The Discipline<\/em><\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/modernity-and-social-changes-in-europe-and-emergence-of-sociology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Modernity and social changes in Europe and emergence of sociology.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/scope-of-the-subject-and-comparison-with-other-social-sciences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/sociology-and-common-sense\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sociology and common sense.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Sociology as Science:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/science-scientific-method-critique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science, scientific method and critique.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/major-theoretical-stands-of-research-methodology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Major theoretical strands of research methodology.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/positivism-and-its-critique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Positivism and its critique.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/fact-value-and-objectivity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fact value and objectivity.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/non-positive-methodology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Non- positivist methodologies.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Research Methods and Analysis:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/qualitative-quantitative-methods\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Qualitative and quantitative methods.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/techniques-of-data-collection\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Techniques of data collection.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/variables-sampling-hypothesis-reliability-validity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Sociological Thinkers:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/karl-marx-historical-materialism-mode-of-production-alienation-class-struggle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/emile-durkheim-division-of-labour-social-fact-suicide-religion-society\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emile Durkheim- Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/max-weber-social-action-ideal-types-authority-bureaucracy-protestant-ethic-the-spirit-of-capitalism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Max Weber- Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/talcolt-parsons-social-system-pattern-variables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Talcott Parsons- Social system, pattern variables.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/robert-k-merton-latent-manifest-functions-conformity-deviance-reference-groups\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert K. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/mead-self-identity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mead &#8211; Self and identity.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Stratification and Mobility:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/concepts-equality-inequality-hierarchy-exclusion-poverty-deprivation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Concepts- equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty and deprivation.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/theories-of-social-stratification-structural-functionalist-theory-marxist-theory-weberian-theory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Theories of social stratification- Structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory, Weberian theory.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/dimensions-social-stratification-of-class-status-groups-gender-ethnicity-race\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dimensions \u2013 Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity and race.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphiasblogs.com\/social-mobility-open-closed-systems-types-of-mobility-sources-causes-of-mobility\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Social mobility- open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and causes of mobility.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Works andEconomic Life:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial \/capitalist society<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Formal and informal organization of work.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Labour and society.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Politics and Society:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Sociological theories of power.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Religion and Society:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Sociological theories of religion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Systems of Kinship:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Family, household, marriage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Types and forms of family.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Lineage and descent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Contemporary trends.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>Social Change in Modern Society:<\/strong><\/em><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Sociological theories of social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Development and dependency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Agents of social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Education and social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Science, technology and social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Paper-2<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><strong>INDIAN SOCIETY: STRUCTURE AND CHANGE<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">INTRODUCING INDIAN SOCIETY<\/span><\/h4>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Perspectives on the study of Indian society:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Indology (GS. Ghurye).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Marxist sociology (A R Desai).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Impact of colonial rule on Indian society :<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Social background of Indian nationalism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Modernization of Indian tradition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Protests and movements during the colonial period.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Social reforms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>SOCIAL STRUCTURE<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Perspectives on the study of Indian society:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">The idea of Indian village and village studies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Agrarian social structure &#8211; evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Caste System:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Features of caste system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Untouchability &#8211; forms and perspectives.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Tribal communities in India<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Definitional problems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Geographical spread.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Colonial policies and tribes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Issues of integration and autonomy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Social Classes in India:<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Agrarian class structure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Industrial class structure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Middle classes in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Systems of Kinship in India:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Lineage and descent in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Types of kinship systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Family and marriage in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Household dimensions of the family.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Religion and Society:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Religious communities in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Problems of religious minorities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>SOCIAL CHANGES IN INDIA<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Visions of Social Change in India:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Idea of development planning and mixed economy<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Constitution, law and social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Education and social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Rural and Agrarian transformation in India:<\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives,poverty alleviation schemes<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Green revolution and social change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>3. Industrialization and Urbanisation in India:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Evolution of modern industry in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Growth of urban settlements in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Informal sector, child labour<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Slums and deprivation in urban areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>4. Politics and Society:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Nation, democracy and citizenship.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Regionalism and decentralization of power.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Secularization<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>5. Social Movements in Modern India:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Peasants and farmers movements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Women\u2019s movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Backward classes &amp; Dalit movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Environmental movements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Ethnicity and Identity movements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>6. Population Dynamics:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Population size, growth, composition and distribution<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Population policy and family planning.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>7. Challenges of Social Transformation:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Violence against women.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Caste conflicts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Illiteracy and disparities in education.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Vikash_Ranjans_Classes_for_Sociology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; color: #ff0000;\">Why Vikash Ranjan&#8217;s Classes for Sociology?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Proper guidance and assistance are required to learn the skill of interlinking current happenings with the conventional topics. <strong>VIKASH RANJAN SIR <\/strong>at <strong>TRIUMPH IAS<\/strong> guides students according to the Recent Trends of UPSC, making him the <strong>Best Sociology Teacher<\/strong> for <strong>Sociology Optional UPSC.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">At Triumph IAS, the <strong>Best Sociology Optional Coaching<\/strong> platform, we not only provide the best study material and applied classes for <strong>Sociology for IAS<\/strong> but also conduct regular assignments and class tests to assess candidates&#8217; writing skills and understanding of the subject.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Choose_The_Best_Sociology_Optional_Teacher_for_IAS_Preparation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px;\">Choose <a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>T<strong>he Best Sociology Optional Teacher <\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/a>for IAS Preparation?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">At the beginning of the journey for<strong> Civil Services Examination <\/strong>preparation, many students face a pivotal decision \u2013 selecting their optional subject. Questions such as &#8220;<strong><em>which optional subject is the best?<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; and &#8220;<strong><em>which optional subject is the most scoring?<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; frequently come to mind. Choosing the right optional subject, like choosing the <strong><em>best sociology optional teacher<\/em><\/strong>, is a subjective yet vital step that requires a thoughtful decision based on facts. A misstep in this crucial decision can indeed prove disastrous.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">Ever since the exam pattern was revamped in 2013, the UPSC has eliminated the need for a second optional subject. Now, candidates have to choose only one <strong>optional subject for the UPSC Mains<\/strong>, which has two papers of 250 marks each. One of the compelling choices for many has been the sociology optional. However, it&#8217;s strongly advised to decide on your optional subject for mains well ahead of time to get sufficient time to complete the syllabus. After all, most students score similarly in General Studies Papers; it&#8217;s the score in the optional subject &amp; essay that contributes significantly to the final selection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 20px;\"><strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 36px;\">\u201c<\/span>A sound strategy does not rely solely on the popular<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 20px;\"><strong><em>Opinion of toppers or famous YouTubers cum teachers.<span style=\"font-size: 36px;\">\u201d<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">It requires understanding one&#8217;s ability, interest, and the relevance of the subject, not just for the exam but also for life in general. Hence, when selecting the best sociology teacher, one must consider the usefulness of <strong><em>sociology optional coaching<\/em><\/strong> in <strong>General Studies, Essay, and Personality Test.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">The choice of the optional subject should be based on objective criteria, such as the nature, scope, and size of the syllabus, uniformity and stability in the question pattern, relevance of the syllabic content in daily life in society, and the availability of study material and guidance. For example, choosing the <strong><em>best sociology optional coaching<\/em><\/strong> can ensure access to top-quality study materials and experienced teachers. Always remember, the approach of the UPSC optional subject differs from your academic studies of subjects. Therefore, before settling for <strong><em>sociology optional<\/em><\/strong>, you need to analyze the syllabus, previous years&#8217; pattern, subject requirements (be it ideal, visionary, numerical, conceptual theoretical), and your comfort level with the subject.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 20px;\">This decision marks a critical point in your <strong><em>UPSC &#8211; CSE journey<\/em><\/strong>, potentially determining your success in a career in IAS\/Civil Services. Therefore, it&#8217;s crucial to choose wisely, whether it&#8217;s the optional subject or the <strong><em>best sociology optional teacher<\/em><\/strong>. Always base your decision on accurate facts, and never let your emotional biases guide your choices. After all, the search for the <strong><em>best sociology optional coaching<\/em><\/strong> is about finding the perfect fit for your unique academic needs and aspirations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">META TAGS: Methodology in Sociology,Methodology in Sociology,Methodology in Sociology,Methodology in Sociology<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Follow us :<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/triumphias\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/triumphias<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"\ud83d\udd0e www.triumphias.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e www.triumphias.com<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0ehttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/VikashRanjanSociology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/t.me\/VikashRanjanSociology<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Find_More_Blogs\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #808000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Find More Blogs<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 98.6429%; height: 20px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 10px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/compare-and-contrast-karl-marxs-and-max-webers-analysis-of-the-modern-phenomena-of-capitalism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Compare and contrast Karl Marx\u2019s and Max weber\u2019s<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/karl-marx-historical-materialism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karl Marx- Historical Materialism<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; 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height: 10px;\">\n<header class=\"entry-header\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/sociology-social-system-and-pattern-variables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Sociology: Social system and pattern variables<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"entry-content clearfix\"><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<header class=\"entry-header\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/changing-family-structure-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Changing family structure in India<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/header>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Modernity and social changes in Europe<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kt3VeKYqoSs?t=54s\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><sup><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dL85EHfcitw?t=17s\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tJcm9G2RwVE\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YXsRAVmvsCE?t=1s\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>METHODOLOGY IN SOCIOLOGY (Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Services Examination) Introduction to Methodology in Sociology Every scholarly field necessitates<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15218,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15201","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-miscellaneous"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15201","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15201"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15201\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15287,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15201\/revisions\/15287"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15218"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15201"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15201"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15201"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}