{"id":14944,"date":"2023-07-14T16:28:39","date_gmt":"2023-07-14T10:58:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/?p=14944"},"modified":"2023-07-14T16:29:55","modified_gmt":"2023-07-14T10:59:55","slug":"unpacking-reference-groups-and-socialization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/unpacking-reference-groups-and-socialization\/","title":{"rendered":"Unpacking Reference Groups and Socialization: A Study of Merton&#8217;s Sociological Theories"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_14945\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14945\" style=\"width: 269px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14945\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Robert_K_Merton-214x300.jpg\" alt=\"Unpacking Reference Groups and Socialization: A Study of Merton's Sociological Theories, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus \" width=\"269\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Robert_K_Merton-214x300.jpg 214w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Robert_K_Merton-107x150.jpg 107w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Robert_K_Merton.jpg 266w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 269px) 100vw, 269px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14945\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>4 July 1910, 23 February 2003<\/strong><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 32px; color: #0000ff;\"><em><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">\u201cThe light of truth burns<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"font-size: 32px; color: #0000ff;\"><em><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">without a flicker in the depths<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"font-size: 32px; color: #0000ff;\"><em><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">of a house that is shaken<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"font-size: 32px; color: #0000ff;\"><em><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">with storms of passion and fear.\u201d<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >What's Inside this Blog!<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/unpacking-reference-groups-and-socialization\/#Reference_Group\" title=\"Reference Group\">Reference Group<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/unpacking-reference-groups-and-socialization\/#Relevant_for_Sociology_Paper-1_Unit-4\" title=\"Relevant for Sociology Paper-1 (Unit-4)\">Relevant for Sociology Paper-1 (Unit-4)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/unpacking-reference-groups-and-socialization\/#Concept_of_Group_Membership_group_Non-Membership\" title=\"Concept of Group Membership &amp; group Non-Membership\">Concept of Group Membership &amp; group Non-Membership<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/unpacking-reference-groups-and-socialization\/#Anticipatory_Socialization\" title=\"Anticipatory Socialization:\">Anticipatory Socialization:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/unpacking-reference-groups-and-socialization\/#Positive_and_Negative_Reference\" title=\"Positive and Negative Reference\">Positive and Negative Reference<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/unpacking-reference-groups-and-socialization\/#Groups\" title=\"Groups\">Groups<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/unpacking-reference-groups-and-socialization\/#Find_More_Blogs\" title=\"Find More Blogs\">Find More Blogs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reference_Group\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 36px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Reference Group<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relevant_for_Sociology_Paper-1_Unit-4\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 28px;\"><strong>Relevant for Sociology Paper-1 (Unit-4)<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14948\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/team-meeting-circle-760-300x174.jpg\" alt=\"Unpacking Reference Groups and Socialization: A Study of Merton's Sociological Theories, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus \" width=\"829\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/team-meeting-circle-760-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/team-meeting-circle-760-150x87.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/team-meeting-circle-760.jpg 760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 829px) 100vw, 829px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>A reference group serves as a point of comparison for evaluating one&#8217;s achievements, role performance, aspirations, and ambitions.<\/strong> It is through the feedback and judgment of a reference group that individuals can determine whether their actions are deemed right or wrong, and whether they are performing poorly or well.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Therefore,<\/strong> it can be argued that the membership groups to which an individual belongs can function as their reference groups.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Even groups to which you do not belong, known as <strong>non-membership groups<\/strong>, can function as reference groups. This is not surprising since life is dynamic, and you often become aware of the lives and ways of those outside your own group. This can lead to feelings of curiosity and questioning why others seem to possess more power or prestige than you do.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Through this comparison, a sense of deprivation can arise. You may aspire to join a group that is more powerful or prestigious than your current one. <strong>Consequently,<\/strong> you may refer to a <strong>non-membership group<\/strong> to evaluate your achievements, performance, and progress. Hence, not only membership groups but also <strong>non-membership<\/strong> groups can act as reference groups. Humans perceive themselves not solely through the perspective of their own group members but also through the eyes of those belonging to other groups.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Merton&#8217;s understanding of relative deprivation is closely connected to his examination of reference group behavior.<\/strong> In his analysis of <strong>&#8220;The American Soldier,&#8221;<\/strong> published in 1949, Merton explores how American soldiers viewed themselves and assessed their role performance and career accomplishments. For example, comparing himself to unmarried soldiers in the army, a married soldier may perceive that the induction into the army demanded greater sacrifices. Conversely, comparing himself to married soldiers, he may feel that he has been called upon to make sacrifices that unmarried soldiers have entirely avoided. This forms the essence of what Merton refers to as relative deprivation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>This is not surprising as happiness or deprivation are not absolute concepts; they depend on the scale of measurement and the frame of reference.<\/strong> The married soldier is not focused on what he and other married soldiers receive; rather, he considers what he is deprived of. In comparison, his unmarried associates in the army enjoy relative freedom as they do not have the responsibilities that married soldiers cannot escape. In other words, married soldiers experience deprivation in terms of the freedom that their unmarried counterparts enjoy. Similarly, the married soldier may feel deprived when comparing himself to a civilian married friend who can live with their spouse and children, fulfilling their responsibilities. The married soldier feels deprived because, as a soldier, they cannot experience the everyday family life of a civilian.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>The sense of deprivation that the married soldier experiences is precisely due to the reference group against which he measures his own circumstances.<\/strong> Similarly, another finding indicates that overseas soldiers, compared to those stationed at home, face a greater disruption in their ties to home and the amenities of life they were accustomed to.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14947\" src=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/IMAGE_Advisory-committee-300x85.jpg\" alt=\"Unpacking Reference Groups and Socialization: A Study of Merton's Sociological Theories, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus \" width=\"821\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/IMAGE_Advisory-committee-300x85.jpg 300w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/IMAGE_Advisory-committee-1024x289.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/IMAGE_Advisory-committee-150x42.jpg 150w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/IMAGE_Advisory-committee-768x217.jpg 768w, https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/IMAGE_Advisory-committee.jpg 1240w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 821px) 100vw, 821px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Concept_of_Group_Membership_group_Non-Membership\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Concept of Group Membership &amp; group Non-Membership<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Merton discusses three key characteristics of groups and group memberships:<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Firstly,<\/strong> there is an objective criterion, which is the frequency of interaction. In other words, a sociological understanding of a group refers to a collection of individuals who interact with each other on a regular basis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">The second criterion is that the individuals involved define themselves as members. They perceive themselves as part of the group and adhere to shared expectations and norms of interaction that they consider morally binding for themselves and other members.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">The third criterion is that these individuals are recognized by others as belonging to the group. This recognition can come from both fellow members and <strong>non-members<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Membership in a group significantly influences an individual&#8217;s <strong>day-to-day<\/strong> behavior in a clear and tangible manner. Group members are aware of their roles and responsibilities, and they understand the expectations placed upon them. Consequently, group norms hold moral significance for them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">At this point, Merton wants us to recognize the dynamics of <strong>non-membership<\/strong>. While <strong>non-members<\/strong> do not meet the criteria of interaction and identification as members, Merton emphasizes that all <strong>non-members<\/strong> are not the same. Broadly speaking, <strong>non-members<\/strong> can be categorized into three groups:<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Some individuals aspire to gain membership in the group, indicating a desire for affiliation.<\/strong> Others may be indifferent to such group membership, displaying no particular inclination towards joining. There are also those who actively choose to remain unaffiliated with the group, expressing motivation to stay separate from its influence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anticipatory_Socialization\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Anticipatory Socialization:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Merton discusses the concept of anticipatory socialization in relation to non-membership reference groups.<\/strong> This refers to the process of preparing oneself for a group that one aspires to join but is not currently a part of. It involves adopting the values and lifestyles associated with the desired non-membership reference group. According to Merton, anticipatory socialization can serve two functions for an individual: aiding their ascent into the desired group and facilitating their adjustment after becoming a member.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">For instance, let&#8217;s consider a village boy from a lower <strong>middle-class background<\/strong> who sees the boys from <strong>Indus World School<\/strong> as his reference group. Through anticipatory socialization, he begins to imitate the smartness and behavior of these boys. If he successfully gains entry into <strong>Indus World School,<\/strong> his anticipatory socialization would prove beneficial as it would ease his adaptation to his new role.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>However,<\/strong> Merton acknowledges that anticipatory socialization can also have negative consequences. If the system is highly closed, the lower <strong>middle-class <\/strong>village boy may never have the opportunity to enter a prestigious school like Doon School. In such a case, anticipatory socialization would be detrimental to him. There are two reasons for this: firstly, he would fail to become a member of the desired group, and secondly, due to his imitation of the values of a non-membership group, he may be disliked by members of his own group. Merton refers to this situation as being reduced to a<strong> &#8220;marginal man.&#8221;<\/strong> Therefore, anticipatory socialization is only functional for individuals within a relatively open social structure that allows for mobility. In contrast, it becomes dysfunctional in a relatively closed social structure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Merton also highlights an interesting point. In a closed system, individuals are less likely to choose a <strong>non-membership group<\/strong> as their reference group. In such a system, where the rights, privileges, and obligations of each social stratum are considered morally right, even individuals with unfavorable objective conditions may feel less deprived. This is observed among groups like untouchables, scheduled castes, and tribes in India. However, in an open system, where individuals constantly compare themselves with relatively better-off and more privileged <strong>non-membership<\/strong> reference groups, they may experience perpetual unhappiness and discontent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Positive_and_Negative_Reference\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Positive and Negative Reference <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Groups\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Groups<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>According to Merton, reference groups can be categorized into two types.<\/strong> Firstly, there is the positive reference group, which is admired and taken seriously to shape behavior and assess personal achievements and performance. Secondly, there is the negative reference group, which is disliked and rejected, and instead of providing norms to follow, it inspires the creation of counter-norms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Merton explains that the positive reference group involves willingly adopting the group&#8217;s norms or standards as a basis for self-evaluation.<\/strong> On the other hand, the negative reference group involves actively rejecting the norms and forming opposing norms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>An example that comes to mind is the reaction of the colonized people towards their colonial masters.<\/strong> Some individuals may become enthralled by the success of the colonizers and start emulating their lifestyle, language, and even dietary habits. For them, the colonizers serve as a positive reference group.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Conversely,<\/strong> there are those who despise the colonizers for their exploitation, arrogance, and brutality. Rather than imitating their norms, these individuals develop counter-norms to distinguish themselves from the colonizers. The colonizers act as a negative reference group for them.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Additionally, Merton introduces the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy.<\/strong> He defines it as a false understanding of a situation that is believed to be accurate. Despite its inaccuracy, individuals behave as if the false definition is true. As a result, their behavior elicits responses that confirm the false definition. Merton suggests that this cycle of self-fulfilling prophecies can be broken by abandoning the initial definition that set it in motion. By questioning and introducing a new definition, the situation can be rectified.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yN5PvbkMSL0?t=257s\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WJMVCdPk1-w?t=17s\" width=\"350\" height=\"196\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">To master these intricacies and fare well in the <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">Sociology Optional Syllabus<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">, aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">Best Sociology Optional Teacher<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\"> and participation in the <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">Best Sociology Optional Coaching<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">. These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">sociology&#8217;s<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\"> diverse methodologies and techniques<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>Reference groups, Membership groups, Non-membership groups, Anticipatory socialization, Positive reference group, Negative reference group, Self-fulfilling prophecy, Robert K. Merton, Social structure, Group norms, Relative deprivation, Social behavior<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Follow us :<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/triumphias\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/triumphias<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"\ud83d\udd0e www.triumphias.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0e www.triumphias.com<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud83d\udd0ehttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/TriumphIAS<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/VikashRanjanSociology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/t.me\/VikashRanjanSociology<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Find_More_Blogs\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #808000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Find More Blogs<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 98.6429%; height: 20px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 10px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/compare-and-contrast-karl-marxs-and-max-webers-analysis-of-the-modern-phenomena-of-capitalism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Compare and contrast Karl Marx\u2019s and Max weber\u2019s<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; height: 10px;\">\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><a style=\"color: #ff6600;\" href=\"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/karl-marx-historical-materialism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karl Marx- Historical Materialism<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 207.75px; 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\u201cThe light of truth burns without a flicker in the depths of a house that is shaken with storms<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14946,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[5941,5945,5939,5943,5940,5942,5938,5946,3003,5944,5433,1814],"class_list":["post-14944","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-miscellaneous","tag-anticipatory-socialization","tag-group-norms","tag-membership-groups","tag-negative-reference-group","tag-non-membership-groups","tag-positive-reference-group","tag-reference-groups","tag-relative-deprivation","tag-robert-k-merton","tag-self-fulfilling-prophecy","tag-social-behavior","tag-social-structure"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14944","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14944"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14944\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14961,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14944\/revisions\/14961"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14946"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14944"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14944"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/triumphias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14944"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}