Table of Contents

Moderate

(Relevant for Historical Section of General Studies Paper Prelims/Mains)

Moderates

The initial phase of the Congress’s existence is referred to as the moderate phase (1885-1905). During this period, the Congress pursued limited goals and placed a significant emphasis on strengthening its organizational structure. Prominent national leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, P.N. Mehta, D.E. Wacha, W.C. Banerji, S.N. Banerji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who steered Congress policies during this era, were staunch advocates of liberalism and moderate politics, earning them the label of “moderates.”

The primary objective of the Moderates was to attain self-governance within the framework of the British Empire. They advocated for patience and reconciliation rather than resorting to violence or confrontation, placing their trust in constitutional and non-violent methods to accomplish their objectives.

Methods of political work of the moderate leaders

They conducted gatherings and dialogues on subjects related to society, economy, and culture with the aim of enlightening the populace, awakening their political awareness, and shaping public sentiment.

They arranged yearly conventions that attracted representatives from across the nation. Following these deliberations, they endorsed resolutions, which were then submitted to the Government for its consideration and suitable measures.

Success/Contributions of Moderates

They embodied the most progressive elements of their era.
They succeeded in fomenting a widespread national awakening, uniting all Indians under a common cause against a shared adversary, and instilling a sense of belonging to a single nation.
They imparted political education to the populace and popularized contemporary ideas.
They exposed the fundamentally exploitative nature of colonial rule, eroding its moral legitimacy.
Their political activism was grounded in concrete realities rather than superficial sentiments or religious motivations.
They established the fundamental truth that India should be governed in the interests of its own people.
They laid a robust foundation for a more dynamic, militant, and mass-oriented national movement in the subsequent years.
The early nationalists made significant contributions to stoking nationalistic sentiments, even though they struggled to mobilize the masses and expand the scope of their demands.
They failed to grasp the true essence of British colonial rule.
The moderate phase of the national movement had a limited social support base, and the masses played a passive role.
This was primarily because the early nationalists lacked confidence in the political potential of the masses. They believed that Indian society was rife with divisions and sub-divisions, with the masses being generally ignorant and holding conservative beliefs.
The Moderates believed that these disparate elements needed to be united into a single nation before engaging in politics. However, they overlooked the fact that it was through a struggle for freedom and political participation that these diverse elements could coalesce.
Due to the absence of mass involvement, the Moderates were unable to adopt aggressive political stances against the authorities. The later nationalists diverged from the Moderates precisely on this issue. Nevertheless, the early nationalists represented the nascent Indian nation in opposition to colonial interests.
Strategies like prayer, petitions, and protests proved ineffective.
The partition of Bengal occurred against the wishes of the people.

Moderates wanted to educate people in modern politics, to arouse national and political consciousness and to create a united public opinion on political questions. Their critics often accuse them for using methods of beggary through prayers and petitions.

However, had they adopted revolutionary or violent methods, they would have been crushed right in the infancy of the Congress. They created a solid base for a more vigorous, militant, mass-based national movement in the following years. The Moderates thus were prudent in using the constitutional and peaceful methods to handle British rule.

Sample Question for UPSC Sociology Optional Paper:

Question: Who were the prominent leaders associated with the moderate phase of Indian nationalism?
Answer: Prominent leaders included Dadabhai Naoroji, P.N. Mehta, D.E. Wacha, W.C. Banerji, S.N. Banerji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
Question: What were the primary objectives of the Moderate leaders in the Indian National Congress during their era?
Answer: The Moderates aimed to attain self-governance within the British Empire through constitutional and non-violent means.
Question: What methods did the Moderate leaders employ to promote political awareness and unity among Indians?
Answer: They conducted gatherings, dialogues, and yearly conventions to enlighten the populace, shape public sentiment, and submit resolutions to the Government.
Question: What contributions did the Moderates make to the Indian national movement?
Answer: They fostered national awakening, exposed the exploitative nature of colonial rule, and laid the foundation for a more dynamic and mass-oriented national movement.
Question: Why did the Moderates refrain from adopting revolutionary or violent methods against British rule?
Answer: They believed that such methods would lead to their immediate suppression and instead focused on creating a united public opinion and political consciousness through constitutional and peaceful means.

Moderates, Indian Nationalism, Indian National Congress, Liberalism, Non-violence, National Awakening, Political Education, Colonial Rule, Mass Movement, Political Consciousness, National Unity, Moderates, Indian Nationalism, Indian National Congress, Liberalism, Non-violence, National Awakening, Political Education, Colonial Rule, Mass Movement

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The Moderate Phase of Indian Nationalism: Goals, Leaders, and Legacy | Sociology UPSC | Triumph IAS