Shift from traditional mass production methods to more flexible and customized approaches
Relevant for Sociology Optional for Civil Service Examination.
Relevance : Sociology Paper -1 , Unit 6- Work & Economic Life
Shift from traditional mass production methods to more flexible and customized approaches
- Transition from Taylorism and Fordism: the limitations of Taylorism and Fordism lay in producing identical mass products for mass markets. These systems were not equipped to handle small orders or customize products for individual customers.
- Introduction of Computer-Aided Design and Flexible Production: The emergence of computer-aided design and flexible production has significantly altered the manufacturing landscape. This shift is described as “mass customizing,” wherein large-scale production can cater to items designed for specific customers.
- Stanley Davis’s Concept of Mass Customizing: Stanley Davis introduced the concept of “mass customizing,” emphasizing that new technologies allow the large-scale production of items tailored to particular customers. This means that products can be customized on a mass scale without significantly increasing costs.
- Impact on Workers: While flexible production has benefits for consumers and the economy, it also presents challenges for workers. The need for careful coordination in the complex production process and the pressure to achieve quick results can create additional stress for workers, as documented in the study of the Subaru-Isuzu factory.
- Role of Technology, Internet, and Mass Customization: Technology, particularly the Internet, plays a crucial role in mass customization. The text suggests that the Internet can be used to gather information about individual consumers and manufacture products to their precise specifications.
- Dell Computer as an Example: Dell Computer is cited as an example of a manufacturer that has embraced mass customization. Customers purchasing a computer from Dell can go online, select specific features, and have a custom-built computer shipped to them within days. Dell’s approach involves selling first and building second, reducing the need for extensive stockpiles of parts.
- Reduction in Stock Holdings and Increased Outsourcing: Mass customization has led to a reduction in the need for manufacturers to hold extensive stocks of parts. Additionally, there is an increasing trend toward outsourcing production. The rapid transfer of information between manufacturers and suppliers, facilitated by Internet technology, is crucial for the successful implementation of mass customization.
- Debate on Mass Customization: sceptics argue that it May Create Only The Illusion of Choice, with options similar to those offered by traditional mail-order catalogs.
Reference: Static Portion
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
GS Related Practices Questions…
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