Western Disturbances
(Relevant for Geography section of General Studies Paper Prelims/Mains)
Western disturbances
Western disturbances are meteorological phenomena originating from either the Caspian or Mediterranean Sea that bring non-monsoonal rainfall to the northwestern region of India, as stated by the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
Labeled as extratropical storms, these disturbances form in the Mediterranean and manifest as areas of low pressure, resulting in abrupt occurrences of showers, snowfall, and fog in the northwest of India. Progressing from west to east, these disturbances follow the trajectory from west to east due to the movement of high-altitude westerly jet streams, which are swift wind currents traversing the globe.
The term “disturbance” pertains to regions with reduced air pressure. Nature seeks equilibrium, leading the air in a zone to normalize its pressure. In “extratropical storm,” “storm” refers to low pressure, while “extratropical” designates a location outside the tropics. Since Western disturbances originate beyond the tropical belt, the term “extratropical” is associated with them.
These disturbances bear rainfall, snowfall, and fog across northern India. Upon arrival, they bring precipitation and snow to regions of Pakistan and northern India. The moisture they carry originates from the Mediterranean Sea and/or the Atlantic Ocean.
Western disturbances bring winter and pre-monsoon rain, playing a pivotal role in the development of Rabi crops in the northern subcontinent. Nevertheless, they aren’t always indicative of favorable conditions. At times, these disturbances can trigger severe weather events such as floods, flash floods, landslides, dust storms, hailstorms, and cold waves, resulting in loss of life, infrastructure damage, and disruptions to livelihoods.
Impact of western disturbance
- Precipitation Effects: Western disturbances have a significant impact on precipitation by bringing both rainfall and snowfall to various sectors of the Indian subcontinent, particularly focusing on the northern and northwestern regions. These disturbances contribute to the winter precipitation through a combination of rain and snow.
- Atmospheric Perturbations: The interplay between western disturbances and the existing weather systems can result in atmospheric perturbations, giving rise to cloud formations, thunderstorms, and, on occasion, severe weather phenomena.
- Temperature Modulations: Western disturbances play a role in altering temperature dynamics. They usher in cooler conditions upon their arrival, followed by subsequent temperature elevations after their passage.
- Monsoonal Influence: On certain occasions, western disturbances can impact the Indian summer monsoon by interacting with the monsoonal flow. This interaction can lead to shifts in rainfall patterns, causing variations in the distribution of monsoonal precipitation.
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